Rethinking the Porter Hypothesis: The Underappreciated Importance of Value Appropriation and Pollution Intensity

The impact of environmental regulation on the competitiveness of firms and industries remains a hot topic. Since the formulation of the Porter hypothesis, scholars from different research areas have tried to confirm or deny it. However, despite a vast literature engaging this debate, it remains unclear whether and under what conditions the hypothesis could be considered valid. We believe that this is due to the need to consider some additional factors. The aim of this review is to propose additional and significant themes, namely value appropriation and pollution intensity, to be considered when examining the impact of environmental regulation on the innovation and profitability of firms. Results show that the validity of the Porter hypothesis cannot be proved in any condition, but at the same time, there are additional factors that have a relevant influence on that construct, which can lead to a validation or rejection of the hypothesis.     

China’s Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool: A Case of Policy Diffusion or Domestic Drivers?

China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China’s 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system’s design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS and in the subsequent design process, seen in relation to domestic drivers. The article investigates policy developments culminating in the 2011 carbon market announcement, and the reasons these design elements were chosen for the pilot schemes and the national market in the period 2011–2017. The article contributes to our understanding of policy diffusion at different stages of policy development in China, by revealing which diffusion mechanism is more prevalent at different stages. We find first that overall domestic conditions and drivers had the most consistent impact on policy decisions to establish a carbon market and on the selected sectors. However, a second key finding is that the role of policy diffusion varied over time, with such diffusion, in the form of ideational impact, playing the most important role early on, providing a powerful inducement for China to go for a carbon market. Third, sophisticated learning from international projects took place in the pilots, allowing China to adapt policies and design features to match local conditions.     

How to Achieve a More Resource‐Efficient and Climate‐Neutral Energy System by 2030? Views of Nordic Stakeholders

The Nordic countries pursue ambitious energy transition goals through national energy policies and in the framework of Nordic cooperation. We propose that the transition is realistic only if it involves the public, private, and nongovernmental organization sectors as regulators, innovators, and advocates of relevant policies and solutions representing the multitude of interests involved. We examine these interests through Q methodological experiments, where 43 expert stakeholders’ rank‐order statements concerning their preferred policy measures vis‐à‐vis the electric energy system. Factor analysis of these subjectively held views produces three distinct views. The first two enjoy strong inter‐Nordic support. The first view prioritizes market and grid development, and the second view prioritizes electric transport, and solar and wind power. The third, “Finnish” view seeks to enhance security of supply, also via microgrids, and prioritizes biofuels over electric transport. Examining the common ground among the three views, we find that enhanced cooperation requires reinforced stakeholder interaction and policy coordination.     

“甘蒙8·05系列强奸杀人案”对社会治安防控体系建设的启示

"甘蒙8·05系列强奸杀人案"的侦破在甘肃乃至全国警界都是一件大事件,遇害者家属终于可以得到些许慰藉,法律的权威和尊严可以得到维护,猖獗的犯罪嫌疑人也终将被推上审判台接受法律严惩。但站在治安学和社会治安防控体系建设的角度审视该案,其暴露出基层公安机关在人口管理、区域警务协作、基础信息化建设及实施社区警务战略等方面存在的问题仍不容小觑。必须进一步加强派出所基础信息化建设,深化区域警务协作,规范网络自组织行为,推进社区警务"两化"工作,从而有效提升整体社会治安防控效能。     

利用红外光谱法检验海洛因及其掺杂物

利用傅立叶红外光谱（DAC）法对海洛因及其掺杂物的混合物的红外光谱图进行分析,可以找出海洛因及其掺杂物的傅立叶变换红外光谱的特征吸收峰,确定根据红外光谱图直接认定海洛因及其掺杂物的方法。该方法具有操作简单、速度快、不用其他试剂、不污染检材、样品量小、结果准确等特点。     

Stem Cell Research and Technology in Iran—Window of Opportunity in the Midst of International Tension

This paper aims to explain how the key characteristics of “stem cell research” as an emerging technology facilitate the strategy of an Iranian organization, namely, “the Royan Institute” to learn by interaction and to generate knowledge. It argues that the Royan could take advantage of the window of opportunity that stem cell research and technology had temporarily opened up but its endeavors are now being hampered by unfavorable international factors and weak domestic infrastructure. The article substantiates the case by giving an objective account of networking and gatekeeping in the process of learning/innovation at the Royan and concludes by questioning the continuity of the actual learning strategy in order to sustain the Royan's knowledge production.     

禽流感病毒N8亚型神经氨酸酶基因的克隆和全序列分析

用SPF鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒A/Duck/Australia/341/83(H15N8),通过RT-PCR获得了NA基因全长,连接并转化,增菌培养后,提取阳性质粒进行序列测定,获得了禽流感病毒N8亚型的NA基因序列,分析了NA8基因与其他流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因的相互关系。结果显示,所获得的NA基因片段全长1459bp,最大开放阅读框编码457个氨基酸残基,经Blast分析,该基因与GenBank中其他13株N8亚型毒株的NA基因核苷酸序列同源性为91.6%～73.3%。与其他8个N1～N9亚型NA基因进行遗传演化分析,N8亚型与N5亚型NA基因的亲缘关系最近,与N3亚型NA基因的亲缘关系最远。结果表明,禽流感病毒N8亚型NA基因序列的测定对N8亚型流感病毒的诊断和预防具有重要意义。     

Credible Empowerment and Deliberative Participation: A Comparative Study of Two Nuclear Energy Policy Deliberation Cases in Korea

What factors make deliberative participation of public policy effective? Why, in some cases, are participants in deliberation more motivated than others, and reach their final judgment in a timely manner, based on systematic processes of opinion gathering and consensus building? By comparing and investigating two recent cases of public participation in energy policy deliberation in Korea, we argue that deliberative participation is more effective when the prospect that the outcome of their activities might be accepted by decision makers is high. The two cases, the public deliberation committee (PDC) on the nuclear waste issue which operated from 2013 to 2015, and the PDC on the nuclear power plant construction issue which operated in 2017, show that they went through similar courses of action, and used similar methods for deliberation. However, while the 2017 PDC has produced clear‐cut policy recommendations, and the government have accepted these, the 2013 PDC failed to reach conclusions on the given critical issues. We argue that the difference in the results is caused by credible empowerment along with two other factors––the sensitivity of issues and the learning effect. Participants of deliberation tend to judge the possibility of the government’s acceptance of their opinions based on either the government’s direct announcement or its inclusiveness in the past policy history. If governments are willing to consult the public to increase legitimacy and transparency, they should send explicit signals to the public on its inclusiveness in the short term, and also should increase credibility in the long term.     

X-STR和常染色体STR在二联体亲权鉴定中的应用

目的探讨X-STR和常染色体STR在二联体亲权鉴定中的应用价值。方法分别采用Sinofiler试剂盒和Mentype Argus X-8试剂盒对104例二联体亲权鉴定的样本DNA进行基因分型,并对各个STR基因座在排除案例中的应用价值进行统计分析。结果Sinofiler试剂盒和MentypeArgus X-8试剂盒对其中102例案件均可获得相同的鉴定结论;另外2例案件中,分别在DXS10074和DXS10035基因座检见突变可能。在69例排除案例中,Sinofiler检测系统中以D8S1179基因座的排除率最高,为56.52%;MentypeArgus X-8检测系统中以DXS10135基因座的排除率最高,达到85.51%。结论X-STR在法医学中具有很好的应用价值,不仅可以成为常染色体STR的重要补充,而且可以解决一些特殊案例的鉴定难题。