L'impact du mode de scrutin sur l'élection des femmes à l'Assemblée fédérale Suisse (1995‐2003)

Cet article analyse l'impact du système électoral sur l'élection des femmes à l'Assemblée fédérale (1995‐2003). La littérature a souvent mis l'accent sur l'importance du système proportionnel en vue de l'amélioration de la représentation des femmes au Parlement en se concentrant souvent uniquement sur le taux de femmes élues. Dans cet article, nous argumentons qu'il est nécessaire d'étudier les trajectoires des candidats et de prendre en compte à la fois les candidats hommes et femmes. Nous montrons que l'effet women‐friendly du système proportionnel au Conseil national semble davantage jouer au niveau de la stratégie de désignation des candidats et des candidates que lors de leur élection, et ce particulièrement pour les partis politiques du centre et de droite.     

"直接适用的法"与公共秩序保留

"直接适用的法"和公共秩序保留是国际私法的两个重要范畴和制度.本文旨在深入分析"直接适用的法"与公共秩序保留之间的相关性,对两者之间的差异性作比较性探讨.该文主张"直接适用的法"是公共秩序的反映和表现方式,而公共秩序则是"直接适用的法"产生的原因和基础."直接适用的法"发端于公共秩序保留,但有别于公共秩序保留.独立主权的国家在调整涉外民商事关系领域时,需要发挥它们各自不可或缺的作用.     

关于台湾参加政府间组织的国际法思考

文章从台湾寻求加入主权国家国际组织联合国和单独关税区成员政府间组织———世贸组织入手 ,对台湾可否加入各种国际组织的法律问题进行了初步分析探讨。     

Institutional determinants of the largest seat share

The degree of predominance of the largest party in a representative assembly affects government formation and survival. The seat share of the largest party, in turn, is constrained by the interaction of assembly size and electoral district magnitude in the following way. When all S seats in an assembly are allocated in districts of magnitude M, a logical quantitative model proposes that the largest fractional share is s₁ = (MS)^−1/8. As a curve, the model is found to fit with R² = 0.509, considering data from the averages of 46 periods in 37 countries, during which the electoral rules were essentially steady. As a worldwide average, the expression s₁(MS)^1/8 = 1 holds within 1%. Deviations from this average express the impact of various country-specific political and socio-cultural factors that can be investigated once the basic institutional constraints are controlled-for. This means that the degree of largest party predominance may be engineered to hover around a desired average by adjusting assembly size, and district magnitude, while keeping country-specific factors in mind.     

刍议国际民事诉讼中的协议管辖制度

国际民事诉讼中的协议管辖制度是现代国际民事诉讼立法不断发展的体现。我国的民事诉讼法承认了该制度,但是随着国际交往的深化特别是入世以来经济制度和法律制度相互融合进程的推进,现有立法中存在的问题也日益凸现。本文将在对这一制度进行分析探讨的基础上提出对我国相关立法的完善的建议。     

Investments in Global Warming Mitigation: The Case of “Activities Implemented Jointly”

This paper examines bilateral cooperation between developed countries (home country) and developing countries (host country) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance carbon dioxide sinks. With the home-host country pair as the unit of analysis, our logistic regression model examines 158 Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) investment projects from 1993 until 2002 across 2541 country-pairs. Because the marginal costs of reducing emissions may be lower in developing countries, the AIJ projects served as a policy laboratory to assess whether such investments might be advantageous to both countries in the event future regimes allowed emission credits from such bilateral projects. Instead of investing in home countries where maximum pollution reductions (or carbon sequestration) might be possible, home countries invest in locations where they can conduct their policy experiments at low transaction costs. Prior trade and aid relationships were used as a proxy. Regarding energy projects, location decisions are driven by home countries’ desire to reduce air pollution that they receive from abroad. Geography – proximity of a host country to a home country – in interaction with host country's coal production, is a very important driver of location decision in AIJ energy sector projects. Location of sequestration projects is impacted by the host country's potential for avoiding deforestation as well as by previous aid and trade patterns between a home and a host country. Proximity is not important in this case.     

恐怖主义对国际和平与安全的影响--兼评安理会的相关立场

安理会是联合国集体安全制度的核心机关 ,在打击恐怖主义方面起着独特和举足轻重的作用。它从对国际和平与安全影响的角度审视恐怖主义 ,并以联合国集体安全制度对抗恐怖主义。它对恐怖主义对国际和平与安全影响的认识经历了逐渐深入的过程。目前 ,这一认识的框架已基本形成。     

做好职工思想政治工作是工会的政治责任

职工思想政治工作是党的思想政治工作的重要组成部分,协助党政做好职工思想政治工作是工会的政治责任。     

国际人道主义法与国际人权法之比较

国际人道主义法旨在为一方权力之下的武装冲突受难者提供人道主义保护 ,保护的是战争中不与军事必要相冲突的人权 ,它有着悠久的历史渊源和一整套国际实施机制。国际人权法旨在为所有作为人所享有或应享有的基本权利提供平等的保护 ,它适用于任何个人和任何情势。人权纳入国际保护始于二战结束以后 ,它主要由国内法来保障。由于国际人道主义法和国际人权法在对个人权利的保障上存在着共同的价值取向 ,容易使人们混淆两者之间的关系 ,其实两者是国际法的不同分支部门 ,但它们存在着交融之处 ,并互相影响、互相作用。     

论美英等国反恐怖军事行动的国际法依据及其存在问题

美英等国反恐怖军事行动依据的是国际法上的自卫权,同时,具有联合国安理会的授权。但是,从国际法的角度和国际关系的实践来看,存在三个问题,即自卫权的延伸和扩展、证据问题和审判问题。国际关系是国际法的实质渊源,变化着的国际关系正在为国际法充实相应的内容。