Framing Contests and Policy Conflicts over Gas Pipelines

This paper compares and contrasts high‐conflict policy debates over the siting of three natural gas pipeline projects at different decision stages of the siting process. This paper draws on over 600 newspaper articles spanning 3 years, analyzed through Discourse Network Analysis. Drawing from the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Policy Conflict framework, this paper finds that actor framing of opposing policy beliefs involves more indirect than direct confrontations, with statements in the media waxing and waning over time. Opponents of the pipelines more often explicitly argue against pipelines, while also using a broad range of conceptual arguments, whereas proponents more often couch their arguments around the economic benefits of pipelines and use fewer conceptual frames overall. We also find evidence that opposing coalitions use similar framing across different decision contexts. This paper concludes with a commentary on the status and contributions of this paper to the study of policy conflicts and next steps in advancing similar research agendas.     

Technological Distribution in Uganda: Information and Communications Technology and the State in an Eastern African Nation

Information and communications technologies (ICTs) include old technologies—such as the radio and the television—as well as newer technologies—such as the Internet and wireless telephony. This study considers the process that the government of Uganda has used to adopt and implement ICT policy. This study also considers the techniques which the government of Uganda has used to distribute ICTS in public locations such as government offices, schools, and hospitals. In particular, this study attempts to consider the political motivations for distribution. The Ugandan government's attempt to distribute this technology reflects strengths in the area of distribution of artefacts, particularly to rural areas. Information and communications technologies are an important part of the Ugandan economy. In addition, ICTs strengthen the ability of citizens to communicate with each other across regional and language borders through shared access points. Methodologically, this paper uses the case study method. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with politicians, policy makers, civil society activists, citizens, academics, medical personnel, regional government officials, and business people. This paper argues that politicians use ICTs as a component of a basket of goods and services that they can distribute to witnessing publics. This paper argues that ICT should be viewed as a type of infrastructure, and that as a public good, it can be used as a “club” good or “pork.” Although several authors discuss the potential of ICTs as democratizing, this paper documents that the Ugandan government has employed ICTs in oppressive ways, including for the surveillance of opposition leaders, and for social control.     

鸡β防御素2成熟肽基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及其抗菌活性分析

为构建基因重组酵母菌株表达鸡β防御素2(Gal-2)并研究其抗菌活性,将鸡β防御素2成熟肽基因克隆到pPIC9K中,获得重组分泌表达质粒pPIC9K-Gal-2并用电转化法转入酵母菌GS115,筛选出阳性克隆后用甲醇诱导,表达上清经Tricine-SDS-PAGE和抑菌试验检测,最后通过禽致病性大肠杆菌CVCC1565感染雏鸡,研究表达上清的预防效果。结果表明,重组分泌表达质粒pPIC9K-Gal-2构建成功,Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测到分子质量在5.8ku左右的目的条带,表达上清能抑制包括2种禽致病菌在内的多种细菌的生长;在禽致病性大肠杆菌感染雏鸡的试验中,注射不同浓度的Gal-2表达上清组与空酵母表达上清组、PBS对照组相比,死亡率均极显著降低(P<0.01),表达上清显示了较好的预防效果。该研究成功构建了表达鸡β防御素2的毕赤酵母菌株,为鸡防御素作为新型饲料添加剂的研发提供了基础。     

牛源犬新孢子虫MAG1基因的克隆及原核表达

为了解牛源犬新孢子虫MAG1基因的免疫学特性,根据MAG1基因序列,设计并合成了1对用于扩增MAG1基因的引物。将PCR扩增产物连接到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2上,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中。SDS-PAGE结果显示,MAG1在大肠杆菌中获得了较高水平的表达,表达蛋白的分子质量为65ku。Western-blot结果显示,表达的MAG1蛋白可被牛源犬新孢子虫阳性血清特异性识别,表明该MAG1蛋白具有较好的反应原性。本研究为新孢子虫病疫苗及诊断试剂盒的研究奠定了基础。     

表达传染性腔上囊病病毒VP2蛋白重组乳酸菌的构建及其免疫保护效果

为探讨表达传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2蛋白重组乳酸菌的口服免疫效果,采用RT-PCR方法扩增了1株IBDV流行毒株的VP2基因,再分别亚克隆到干酪乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌的表达载体pPG2和PNZ8112中,并分别电转化干酪乳杆菌L.casei393和乳酸乳球菌NZ9000的感受态细胞,构建了重组菌pPG2-VP2/L. casei393和PNZ8112-VP2/NZ9000.分别经20 g/L乳糖和1 ng/mL的乳链菌肽诱导表达后,对菌体裂解物进行了SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析.结果显示,重组菌pPG2-VP2/L.casei393和pNZ8112-VP2/NZ9000的裂解物中分别出现大小约为53 ku和50 ku的反应带,大小均与预期结果相符,表明目的蛋白在重组菌中得到了表达.重组菌pPG2-VP2/L. casei393和pNZ8112-VP2/NZ9000分别口服免疫SPF雏鸡后,均刺激机体产生了特异性抗IBDV VP2蛋白的血清抗体;攻毒保护试验结果显示,其保护指数分别为62.5%和37.5%,表明重组菌免疫雏鸡后,对IBDV的攻击均具有不同程度的免疫保护作用.     

猕猴溶组织内阿米巴凝集素hgl基因LC3段的克隆及原核表达

为了研究动物溶组织内阿米巴基因工程疫苗,以川西猕猴溶组织内阿米巴分离株中提取的总基因组DNA为模板,扩增了hgl基因抗原区LC3段,将其重组于原核表达载体pET-32b(+)中,构建了pET-32b(+)-hglLC3表达载体,转化至大肠杆菌BL21中,经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,获得了1200bp的hgl基因LC3编码区片段;SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,重组表达质粒产生了大小为66ku的目的条带,与预期的结果一致;Western-blot分析结果显示,重组蛋白与兔超免疫血清呈阳性反应,表明,该抗原可作为动物溶组织内阿米巴疫苗的候选抗原。     

PPV VP2基因和PCV2 ORF2抗原优势区基因真核表达质粒的构建及其免疫效果

采用PCR法扩增猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF2抗原优势区(ORF2′)基因和猪细小病毒(PPV)VP2基因,将目的基因定向插入真核表达载体pCI-neo,构建了重组质粒pCI-ORF2′-VP2。将重组质粒免疫小鼠,同时设立PCV亚单位疫苗、PPV灭活疫苗和空载体对照组,采用MTT比色法、流式细胞术和ELISA法分别对免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的转化功能,外周血CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞比例,PCV2和PPVIgG抗体效价进行了检测。结果表明,从免疫后第7d起,pCI-ORF2′-VP2免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖活性,外周血CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞比例和抗PCV2、PPV的特异性抗体效价都显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于空载体对照组,且重组质粒组在第21～42d诱导的免疫水平显著或极显著强于PPV灭活疫苗组。证实,构建的重组质粒pCI-ORF2′-VP2能够诱导小鼠产生良好的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫杨凌株TA4基因的克隆和原核表达

根据国外报道的序列设计1对引物,以纯化的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)杨凌(YL)株孢子化卵囊的总RNA为模板,用RT-PCR方法扩增出E.tenella YL株的TA4基因.序列分析表明,该序列全长741 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为651 bp,共编码217个氨基酸,与E.tenella HT株、E.tenella BJ株和E.tenella ZJ株的TA4基因ORF序列同源性分别为99.8%、99.8%和99.27%.由此确定所获得的目的基因为E.tenella YL株TA4基因.利用生物信息学和分子生物学软件对TA4基因编码的蛋白进行结构预测,结果表明,该蛋白为一结构松散的球状蛋白.将TA4基因克隆到表达载体pET-32a中,构建重组质粒pET-TA4并在大肠杆菌BL21中进行表达,表达产物的SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,成功地表达了分子质量为41 ku的融合蛋白.     

羊口疮病毒F1L基因的克隆及其B细胞表位预测

为了研究羊口疮病毒(ORFV)F1L基因,以该病毒基因组DNA为模板,应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增得到1011bp的F1L基因,将其插入pMD18-TEasy克隆载体,构建了F1L基因克隆重组质粒;再将该基因片段插入pGEX-6P-1表达载体,通过PCR、限制性内切酶双酶切和测序鉴定,得到F1L基因插入方向和读码框结构均正确的阳性质粒,表明,成功构建了羊口疮病毒F1L基因的重组表达载体。通过对F1L基因序列进行生物信息学分析,预测发现F1L蛋白亲水、无信号肽,B细胞表位主要位于第4～8位、第16～22位、第32～53位、第59～73位、第82～99位和第123～133位氨基酸。这将为建立ORFV诊断方法、制备单克隆抗体及合成肽疫苗奠定基础。     

芽孢杆菌CY1-3株碱性纤维素酶基因celC的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

芽孢杆菌CY1-3株基因组DNA经Sau3AⅠ部分消化后回收2~7 kb片段,构建了部分文库。通过刚果红染色鉴定,筛选出6个纤维素酶基因的阳性克隆子,经酶切鉴定为同一克隆子,命名为pGJc-1。经测序分析,该片段包含一个由1 593个核苷酸组成的开放阅读框(ORF),命名为celC。经推导,celC基因编码由一531个氨基酸残基组成的CelC蛋白。氨基酸序列分析表明,CelC蛋白的氨基酸序列与多种细菌的-β1,4-内切葡聚糖酶具有很高的同源性。粗酶液的SDS-PAGE分析表明,celC基因在大肠杆菌中所表达的CelC蛋白具有纤维素酶活力,其分子质量约为58 ku。