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Postmortem Blood Concentrations of R‐ and S‐Enantiomers of Methadone and EDDP in Drug Users: Influence of Co‐Medication and P‐glycoprotein Genotype

Abstract: We investigated toxicological and pharmacogenetic factors that could influence methadone toxicity using postmortem samples. R‐ and S‐methadone were measured in femoral blood from 90 postmortem cases, mainly drug users. The R‐enantiomer concentrations significantly exceeded that of the S‐enantiomers (Wilcoxon’s test, p < 0.001). The samples were divided into four groups according to other drugs detected (methadone only, methadone and strong analgesics, methadone and benzodiazepines, or methadone and other drugs). There was no significant difference in any of the R‐methadone/total methadone ratios among the four groups. The median R/S ratio was 1.38, which tends to be higher than that reported for the plasma of living subjects. In addition, we investigated whether small nucleotide polymorphisms in the MDR1 gene that encode the drug transporter P‐glycoprotein were associated with the concentrations of R‐ and S‐methadone and its metabolite 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine. No significant association was detected.     

东北亚大国关系中第三方因素及地区安全共同治理

中日关系经济上的合作依存度与政治上的纷争摩擦常态化这一结构性的矛盾日趋显现.从更深层次上探究中日政治经济所处的这种分裂状态根源,从本质上讲背后蕴涵着东北亚大国关系中的域外因素:即美国的第三方因素,其对东北亚的和平稳定发挥着特殊作用.东北亚大国在地区的竞争摩擦时常较为突出,但中美日在东亚地区还是蕴涵着许多重大的共同利益.东北亚传统的"管制型"安全模式需向大国共同"治理型"模式转变趋向,意味着大国区域安全治理的权利、利益、责任的平等与分享,地区安全治理是在大国协作框架下的共同治理,应注重大国在地区安全事务中的关键作用.     

MDCK细胞感染犬细小病毒后的差异表达谱分析

通过了解MDCK细胞感染犬细小病毒(CPV)后基因表达水平的差异,研究病毒对细胞的致病作用以及细胞抵御病毒感染的机制。利用表达谱基因芯片技术,分析持续感染犬细小病毒的MDCK细胞基因表达水平的变化情况,并用Real-Time PCR技术加以验证。结果显示,获得了359个差异大于1.5倍的表达基因(P0.05),占总基因数的1.53%,其中193个上调表达(0.84%),166个下调表达(0.69%)。对差异基因进行GO功能聚类分析,小部分涉及免疫应答、生长周期调控、信号转导和蛋白酶活性,其他大部分基因功能未知。利用Real-Time PCR随机验证5个基因在持续感染CPV后的差异表达,其结果和芯片杂交的结果一致。表明建立了MDCK细胞持续感染CPV后的差异表达谱,初步了解到CPV对宿主细胞的制约作用,引起部分细胞增殖调控相关基因发生了表达下调,以及细胞对感染的积极应答反应,部分免疫反应基因、肽链内切酶活性基因等发生了上调表达,从而为探索病毒的致病机理和宿主的抗病毒途径提供了试验基础。     

应用RNA干扰技术抑制捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因转录的研究

为研究RNA干扰对捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因转录的抑制作用,针对Hc38基因序列设计并合成特异性dsRNA、3对siRNAs(siRNA1,siRNA2,siRNA3),采用浸泡方式分别将dsRNA、siRNAs导入捻转血矛线虫感染性L3期幼虫体内,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析Hc38基因在L3期幼虫中的相对含量以确定抑制效果。通过体外转录成功获得高浓度和高纯度的dsRNA,L3期幼虫经浸泡处理3d后,siRNAs组Hc38基因的相对含量分别为(14.93±1.75)%、(26.34±2.91)%和(15.86±2.54)%,dsRNA组为(32.27±1.50)%,均显著低于对照组。表明通过浸泡法导入的dsRNA和siRNAs均能有效抑制Hc38基因的转录,从而为捻转血矛线虫及其他寄生线虫的基因功能研究提供了一种新的方法。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S-N融合双基因疫苗的构建及其免疫原性分析

为了构建TGEV S-N融合双基因疫苗并分析其免疫原性,从S、N基因克隆质粒中以PCR扩增了S基因(2.1kb,含A、B、C、D抗原位点)和N基因(1.2kb),将S基因插入pVAX1载体构建了pVAX-S质粒,再将N基因插入pVAX-S中S基因末端,构建了融合表达S、N双基因的重组质粒pVAX-S-N,将pVAX-S-N转染COS7细胞以免疫荧光试验进行S、N双基因的表达鉴定。用纯化的pVAX-S-N和作为对照的pVAX-S、pVAX1、PBS免疫BALB/c小鼠,共免疫3次,分别测定免疫后第0、14、28、42天的小鼠血清IgG抗体,测定免疫后第42天小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)的数量。结果,融合质粒pVAX-S-N可在COS7细胞特异性表达S、N两个蛋白,pVAX-S-N免疫小鼠后第14天即可诱导产生抗TGEV的特异性IgG,但pVAX-S-N诱导的抗体水平一直低于pVAX-S诱导的抗体水平,在免疫后第42天差异极显著(P<0.01);pVAX-S-N可激发小鼠产生细胞免疫应答,但pVAX-S-N组的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+数量均低于pVAX-S免疫组。研究结果表明,融合双基因疫苗pVAX-S-N具有免疫原性,但免疫效果却不如单基因疫苗pVAX-S的理想。     

14株基因C型鸭甲肝病毒分离株的VP1基因变异及其编码蛋白的抗原表位分析

对14株分离自四川不同地区的基因C型鸭甲肝病毒(DHAV-C)VP1基因进行了PCR扩增、测序、序列比对分析以及抗原表位分析。结果显示,14株DHAV-C VP1基因核苷酸序列的同源性为92.2%～100%,推导氨基酸序列的同源性为85.8%～100%,与GenBank中的24株DHAV-C VP1基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为87.9%～99.3%和80.8%～100%。聚类分析显示,四川华阳地区分离的6株DHAV-C的VP1基因与黑龙江分离株Du/CH/LJS/090905同属一支,3株四川邛崃地区分离株与北京分离株C-GY及福建分离株FJ01同属一支,4株四川郫县分离株与1株四川邛崃分离株处于独立的小分支,它们与其他毒株之间存在一定的遗传距离。DHAV-C VP1蛋白由240个氨基酸组成,是由α螺旋、β折叠和无规则卷曲共同组成的混合型蛋白,VP1蛋白氨基酸序列的亲水性、抗原指数和表面可及性均较高,其中212～222位氨基酸区域的亲水性、抗原指数和表面可及性最高,可能是DHAV-C VP1蛋白上的B细胞表位优势区域,为DHAV-C表位疫苗的研究提供了理论依据。结果表明,四川分离株可能由于引种等原因从全国不同地区进入四川境内。     

Impact of human rights on U.S. foreign assistance to Latin America

Building upon the contributions of previous studies of U.S. foreign aid, this study examines the relationship between human rights and U.S. foreign assistance. Concentrating on the years 1979–1985, the impact of human rights conditions on both economic and military aid allocations to Latin America is analyzed. The results of this analysis indicate that though other factors have a significant effect upon aid allocation, human rights are an important factor in determining the allocation of both U.S. economic assistance and U.S. military assistance. The findings suggest that those countries with better human rights conditions are likely to receive more U.S. aid than others.     

Comparison between Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of Bacterial 16S rDNA and Diatom Test for Diagnosis of Drowning

When a body is discovered in water, it is difficult to conclude whether the cause of death was drowning, even today. Although diatom testing by the digestive method is classical, we hypothesized that aquatic bacteria, as well as diatoms, might be detected in drowned bodies, and conducted temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE)‐targeting 16S rDNA. DNA was extracted from the site water, and from heart blood and liver samples from 27 bodies concluded as drowning deaths by autopsy and subjected to TGGE after amplification of 16S rDNA by polymerase chain reaction. We observed whether the feature point of each 16S rDNA from the site water and blood or liver samples matched. Considerably higher correspondence was observed in drowned bodies, and the rate was higher than that achieved with the digestive method. Moreover, TGGE is safer than the digestive method. Our study suggests that this method can aid diagnosis of drowning.     

Opinion 1/15 of the Grand Chamber dated 26 July 2017 about the agreement on Passenger Name Record data between the EU and Canada

On 26 July 2017, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice rendered its seminal Opinion 1/15 about the agreement on Passenger Name Record data between the EU and Canada. The Grand Chamber considered that the decision of the Council about the conclusion, on behalf of the Union, of the agreement between the EU and Canada about the transfer and processing of PNR data must be based jointly on Article 16(2) about the protection of personal data and Article 87(2)(a) about police co-operation among member states in criminal matters, but not on Article 82(1)(d) about judicial co-operation in criminal matters in the EU of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU. The Grand Chamber also considered that the agreement is incompatible with Article 7 on the right to respect for private life, Article 8 on the right to the protection of personal data, Article 21 on non-discrimination and Article 52(1) on the principle of proportionality of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU since it does not preclude the transfer, use and retention of sensitive data. In addition to the requirement to exclude such data, the Grand Chamber listed seven requirements that the agreement must include, specify, limit or guarantee to be compatible with the Charter.The opinion of the Grand Chamber has far-reaching implications for the agreement on PNR data between the EU and Canada. It has also far-reaching implications for international agreements on PNR data between the EU and other third states. Last, it has far-reaching implications for Directive 681 of 27 April 2016 on PNR data.