Correlates of Mortality in a U.S. Cohort of Youth, 1980–98: Implications for Social Justice

This paper reports results of a study based on a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth (N = 11,549) that asked two questions: (1) How does family structure affect the likelihood of adolescent death beyond that of race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, personal behavior, and other structural factors and (2) under what conditions might appeals for social justice be warranted for relative mortality statuses and for absolute gains in mortality? The study found that marital instability increases the likelihood of dying when controlling for a variety of other factors including class, race/ethnicity, sex, and unemployment rate in area of residence. The author argues that this finding lends support to social justice arguments to redistribute resources in such a way as to ensure the likelihood of absolute gains in mortality. The study also found, however, that race/ethnicity/sex also accounted for the likelihood of dying independently of family structure when controlling for socioeconomic and other factors. The author argues that this finding lends support to social justice arguments to redistribute resources on the basis of relative mortality statuses.     

论挂靠企业民事责任的承担

挂靠行为是我国市场经济中存在的一个严重问题,它侵害了市场交易主体的利益,引发了相当多的纠纷。立法对这一问题没有相关规定,司法实践中有关这一问题的操作十分混乱。本文以诚实信用原则为基点,对如何解决这一问题进行了探讨,并提出了相应的立法建议。     

论盗窃罪适用中的几个问题

以盗窃罪司法适用中的几个疑难问题为研究对象 ,对作为盗窃对象的无形物的范围及其认定、盗窃数额中的几种特殊情形以及盗窃过程中损毁公私财物行为的定性问题作了较为深入的探讨。     

论非诉行政执行制度的缺陷及其完善

我国现行以法院为主导的非诉行政执行制度本身存在许多缺陷,其运行中也出现了一些问题,应在明确行政强制执行权分配标准的基础上予以完善,即保留现行的法院应申请进行合法性审查的形式,将执行裁断权和决定权交由法院行使,执行实施权则回归行政机关,同时,应建立和完善法院的非诉审查程序和行政机关执行法院裁定的程序,建立公益诉讼制度,确立行政复议、行政诉讼停止执行为原则,不停止执行为例外的体制。     

Data Protection: An Opening Door?

Swedish public law has incorporated a general rule of public access to documents, and to information in the wider sense, since the Freedom of the Press Act of 1766. On the Community level, the relationship between Regulation (EC) 45/2001 on data protection and Regulation (EC) 1049/2001 on public access to documents exemplifies the tension between the public's interest in scrutinising the administration carried on in its name, and the integrity of the individual. However, a similar tension exists between Sweden's Personal Data Act of 1998, implementing Directive 95/46, and the Freedom of the Press Act. A misuse model of data protection law, by seeking to concentrate on serious rather than technical infringements of privacy, might serve to ease the tension. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and are not attributable to any Community institution. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Family Context and Childhood Adjustment Associated with Intrafamilial Unwanted Sexual Attention

Unwanted sexual attention (UWSA) encompasses unsolicited verbal comments, gestures, stares, and other noncontact behaviors made regarding one's sexuality and physical appearance. The present study examined the correlates and impact of such UWSA perpetrated toward girls by family members. The first objective of the study was to explore whether family climate is associated with intrafamilial UWSA. This included looking at three types of dysfunctional parenting styles (unaffectionate, unavailable, and patriarchal) as well as exploring the co-occurrence of UWSA by adult and child relatives. The second objective was to then measure the impact of such intrafamilial UWSA on childhood emotional health, after controlling for parenting style and the experience of more traditional forms of child sexual abuse (CSA). Of the 296 university women (mean age = 19) who participated in the study, 70% (N = 206) reported UWSA from a family member prior to age 18. Whereas each dysfunctional parenting style was related to presence of UWSA, a simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated that two of the parenting styles, patriarchal and parental unavailability, also predicted frequency of nonphysical UWSA within the family. Presence of UWSA from a child relative was significantly correlated with presence of UWSA from an adult relative. Additionally, a hierarchical multiple regression, entering the three parenting styles simultaneously in the first step, childhood sexual abuse in the second step, and familial UWSA in the last step, indicated that the frequency of UWSA by family members significantly predicted poorer childhood mental health when controlling for the other variables. Overall, results indicate that while the specific parenting styles which co-occur with UWSA may be detrimental in their own right, the impact of UWSA on girls appears to be above and beyond that of either parenting styles or CSA. Clinical implications are discussed.     

超越“Trade off”——对公平与效率的几点新思考

目前对于公平和效率问题的讨论 ,已经陷入了一种困境。其原因是多方面的 ,且这种困境将继续下去。在简要回顾了已有理论的基础上 ,本文着重提出了关于公平效率问题讨论的直角坐标系图法 ,构建了度量社会公平程度的社会公平系数 ,衡量社会在公平和效率上存在问题的社会总体问题指数 ,以及衡量不同政策、不同国家、地区、社会等公平和效率达致程度并使之能够相互比较的社会公平效率总体效应指数。     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force
Phoebe Okowa, State Responsibility for Transboundary Air Pollution in International Law
Brian Leiter, Objectivity in Law and Morals
Robert Wintemute and Mads Andenas (eds.), Legal Recognition of Same–Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law
Gillian Douglas, An Introduction to Family Law
Sandra Fredman, Discrimination and Human Rights: The Case of Racism
John Monahan et al, Rethinking Risk Assessment: The MacArthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence
Jenny Fleming and Ian Holland (eds.), Motivating Ministers to Morality     

简论诉讼权利平等原则

诉讼永恒的生命基础在于其公正性,而诉讼平等,作为与诉讼公正同等重要的概念之一,则被视为实现诉讼公正的必由之途或形式标志。文章在界定诉讼权利平等原则内涵之后,讨论了与诉讼平等相关的两个问题:诉讼中立与实质平等。在此基础上,作者进一步分析了诉讼立法中有违诉讼平等的几项缺失,如被告人答辩无限制性规定等。最后提出了改进的基本思路。     

RETHINKING JUVENILE STATUS OFFENSE LAWS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION ACT

Families struggling with a breakdown in communication, trying to control the behavior of an unruly child, or experiencing a crisis often look for outside help. Many families, particularly those without resources to pay for private support, turn to their local status offense system. Status offenders are young people charged with behavior unique to their status as juveniles such as running away, truancy, or disobedience. In 2007, Congress will begin to consider reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA), the federal act related to status‐offender policy. By providing an overview of recent state status‐offense legislation and case law, this article identifies issues to be addressed by Congress in reauthorizing the JJDPA.