大陆与澳门刑法中排除犯罪性之执行命令事由的比较

排除犯罪性的事由是指根据刑法规范或者社会相当性理念而排除行为的犯罪性使之正当化的事实。在我国澳门刑法与大陆刑法中,依法执行命令的事实均可排除行为之犯罪性。但是,由于受诸种因素的影响,两地刑法对于执行命令的立法渊源、构成条件以及排除犯罪性的理由等方面存在显著差异。     

经济法调整对象的法哲学及经济学考察

现代社会关系多是以共同体——组织为基点的三元二维关系 ,可以分为有机组织关系和机械组织关系。经济法调整的是因长期交易而形成的有机经济组织内各角色与组织的协调关系及各角色相互之间的协调关系。其特征是以直接调整角色与组织的关系而间接地达到角色之间关系的调整 ,且以后一种关系调整为终极目标     

加强和完善社会管理的着力点——学习胡锦涛在省部级主要领导干部社会管理及其创新专题研讨班开班式上的重要讲话

加强和完善社会管理,着力点在于进一步加强和完善社会管理格局、党和政府主导的维护群众权益机制、流动人口和特殊人群管理与服务、基层社区管理与服务体系、公共安全体系、非公有制经济组织和社会组织管理、信息网络管理以及思想道德建设。     

In the name of ‘underdeveloped’ Adibashi: the politics of NGOs and the Munda in Bangladesh

This paper aims to unpack the politics of NGO activism with the Munda – a minority Adibashi group in Bangladesh. In addition to offering microcredit, NGOs launched educational and awareness building programmes for the Adibashi. Most notably, the Munda are not content to blindly follow the instructions of NGOs – namely, to get educated, find a white-collar job, and develop identity politics – to improve their socio-economic and political positions. Rather, there is growing awareness among the Munda to gather knowledge, which helps them to consciously educate themselves to undertake new activities to improve their condition by interacting with wider society.

Au nom des Adibashis « sous-développés » : les dimensions politiques des ONG et des Mundas au Bangladesh

Cet article cherche à analyser les dimensions politiques de l'activisme des ONG auprès des Mundas – un groupe minoritaire d'Adibashis au Bangladesh. En plus de proposer des microcrédits, les ONG ont lancé des programmes éducatifs et de sensibilisation destinés aux Adibashis. L'aspect le plus remarquable est que les Mundas ne veulent pas suivre aveuglément les instructions des ONG – à savoir suivre une éducation, trouver un emploi dans un bureau et développer des convictions politiques auxquelles s'identifier – afin d'améliorer leur situation socio-économique et politique. Au lieu de cela, on observe une prise de conscience croissante parmi les Mundas qui les pousse à rassembler des connaissances, ce qui les aide à s'éduquer consciemment afin de pouvoir entreprendre de nouvelles activités leur permettant d'améliorer leur condition en entrant en interaction avec la société dans son ensemble.

En nombre de los adibashi “subdesarrollados”: las políticas de las ONG y los munda en Bangladesh

El presente artículo pretende desmenuzar las políticas que sustentan las acciones llevadas a cabo por las ong con los munda –un grupo minoritario de adibashi en Bangladesh. Además de ofrecer esquemas de microcrédito, las ong impulsaron programas educacionales y de concientización para los adibshi. Sin embargo, cabe hacer notar que los munda no se conforman con seguir ciegamente las instrucciones de las ong –centradas en la educación, en encontrar un empleo de “cuello blanco” y en desarrollar políticas de identidad– para mejorar su situación socioeconómica y política. Por el contrario, entre los munda existe una creciente conciencia acerca de la necesidad de acumular conocimientos que les ayuden a educarse conscientemente, lo que les permitirá emprender nuevas actividades que mejoren su situación relacionándose con la sociedad más amplia.

Em nome da comunidade “subdesenvolvida” de Adibashi: as políticas de ONGs e do Munda de Bangladesh

Este artigo visa examinar as políticas do ativismo de ONGs com o Munda – grupo minoritário Adibashi em Bangladesh. Além de oferecer microcrédito, as ONGs lançaram programas educacionais e de conscientização dos Adibashi. Sobretudo, o Munda não está disposto a seguir cegamente as instruções das ONGs – isto é, estudar, encontrar um emprego administrativo e desenvolver políticas de identidade – para melhorar suas posições sócio-econômicas e políticas. Em vez disto, há uma conscientização crescente entre os participantes do Munda para obter conhecimento, que os ajude a ensiná-los conscientemente para que realizem novas atividades para melhorar suas condições através de uma interação com a sociedade mais geral.     

试论明清之际的贵州民族社会变革

明清之际是贵州社会发生变革的重要时期。这一时期,贵州民族地区开始并在总体上逐步完成了由封建领主制向封建地主制的社会转型。经济上先进生产技术的引进及商品经济的渗透和冲击,政治上从土司缺席的崩溃到流官体制的确立的“改土归流”,是促成这一社会变革得以实现的重要因素。     

当代社会转型中人格矛盾及致罪的可能性分析

随着当代中国社会转型的进一步推进,交织并存的新旧两种体制、秩序规范将会导致人格矛盾。这些人格矛盾如果不加以调适,将会导致一系列的个人和社会问题。以社会心理学为指导,加强对公众心理素质教育,促使其心理机制转变;更新社会化模式,塑造现代人格,是缓解和消除当代中国社会转型中人格矛盾的重要途径。     

转型社会宪法修改的模式与功能

以宪法制度的稳定性程度为标准,世界各国宪法大致可以分为定型宪法和转型宪法两种类型。中国仍处于社会转型时期,宪法制度仍未定型。从比较法的视角来看,中国宪法修改的模式和功能不同于一般西方法治国家宪法,也不同于一般的转型国家宪法。从现行宪法颁布实施以来的经验来看,宪法修改主要发挥了向后看的确认功能。在全面推进法治的进程中,宪法修改逐渐开始发挥前瞻性的功能,将社会基本价值共识以法律的形式确认为根本规范,进而为未来社会转型提供规范性指引。     

The impact of public sector accounting reform on corruption: Causal evidence from subnational Indonesia

It is widely believed that the adoption of quality public sector accounting practices can assist in reducing corruption. In theory, accounting reform, especially the shift from cash-to accrual-based methods, leads to the production of much improved financial information, which ultimately can be used by citizens to hold government more accountable and limit corruption. Empirical evidence from cross-country analyses appears to support the theoretical predictions. We investigate the impact of accounting practices on corruption among districts in Indonesia. We use external financial audits to measure the adoption of reforms and the number of corruption case court convictions as our proxy for corruption. We estimate Poisson regression models using instrumental variable techniques to identify the causal effects of adopting accrual-based accounting procedures on corruption. We show that the employment of improved accounting methods is strongly associated with declining corruption. However, after accommodating the endogeneity of accounting practices, we determine that reform adoption has no effect on corruption.     

Are city elections unique? Perceptions of electoral cleavages and social sorting across levels of government

A long tradition of scholarship has argued that the cleavages that animate urban politics are distinct from those that structure regional or national politics. More recent scholarship has challenged this view, demonstrating the relevance of cleavages that apply at higher levels of government, such as partisanship and ideology, for urban elections. We contribute to this debate by investigating the perceptions of urban residents themselves. Using survey data from a major Canadian city, we use a novel survey question battery to compare how urban residents understand municipal and provincial electoral cleavages. We consider two questions that speak to the distinctiveness of local politics: (1) How do electors perceive coalitions of support at the two levels of government, and do perceptions of coalitions differ across levels? (2) How do perceptions compare to actual electoral coalitions at the two levels? We find little evidence to support the view that local electoral cleavages are unique.     

Do public sector organizations ensure labor ethics? Perspectives from ethics and workplace spirituality in Bangladesh's garment sector

The suppression of labor rights is a matter of serious concern in developing countries. Yet little is known about the role of public agencies in protecting the rights of underprivileged employees. Hence, this study aims to examine the reasons behind the persisting labor exploitation in private enterprises despite the presence of public governance and labor codes. Data was collected through in-depth interviews as well as archives from different external and internal agencies of privately owned garment enterprises in Bangladesh including public administrators and multinational retailers. Kantian ethics and Islamic moral principles were used as theoretical lens to evaluate the labor practices of enterprises. This study contributes to the existing literature by introducing a process model of labor exploitation that depicts multinational power and poor governance to be the main drivers for the abuse of labor ethics. Specifically, political influence and institutional corruption drive poor governance. Public power is exercised to suppress marginalized labor institutions rather than enact labor codes. We found that ethical and spiritual values are not reflected in labor practices and practical suggestions on enacting labor ethics through which the fair enforcement of public power is offered.