Community-managed rice banks: lessons from Laos

Rice banks are increasingly used in South-East Asia as a means of addressing seasonal food crises facing poor communities. Despite general agreement about the effectiveness of community-managed rice banks in improving food security, there has been almost no research into their effectiveness in reaching the poorest, or the prospects of sustainability linked to regular repayments of rice. Concern Laos sought to answer these questions through community mobilisation, forming rules and regulations to encourage the participation of the poorest, developing simple tools and procedures in line with existing community capacity, and building greater community capacity. Other challenges remain, such as changing the prevailing ‘relief’ mentality, ensuring women's participation, and establishing regular savings schemes, in order to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of the rice banks.     

浅谈公安干部竞聘机制的完善

公安干部队伍建设是搞好公安工作的前提和保证。公安干部竞聘机制是公安人事制度改革的方向之一,但在实际运作中还存在不少问题。公安干部的竞聘必须遵循一定的原则,把握一些重要环节,正确处理好三对关系。     

制度创新:21世纪我国公安行政改革的主旋律

改革我国公安行政现有与时代不相适应的制度,进行有效的制度创新,给我国公安行政改革注入新的活力,是新世纪新阶段我国公安行政改革的必然趋势。本文在结合我国公安行政改革实践的基础上,分析了制定我国未来公安行政改革奋斗目标应体现的特点和要求,并具体分析了我国公安行政改革制度创新的奋斗目标。制度创新必将成为21世纪我国公安行政改革的主旋律。     

黄芪三仙汤通过海马神经肽Y调节细胞免疫功能的实验研究

目的:探讨黄芪三仙汤调节细胞免疫功能作用机制。方法:将24只雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和治疗组。将1μlβ-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)1-40(10μg/μl)在立体定向仪下注入模型组和治疗组大鼠右侧Meynert核复制阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型,治疗组用黄芪三仙汤灌胃,于4周末观察各组海马区神经肽Y(NPY)、血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、血清中皮质酮(CORT)含量,胸腺指数,脾脏巨噬细胞数目的变化。结果:模型组大鼠海马组织中NPY的释放减少,血浆中ACTH和血清中CORT含量显著降低,脾脏巨噬细胞数目显著增加(P<0.01)。治疗组NPY的释放增加,血浆中ACTH和血清中CORT含量显著升高,脾脏巨噬细胞数目明显减少(P<0.01)。结论:黄芪三仙汤可以通过海马-NPY-垂体-肾上腺轴调节细胞免疫功能。     

Hausbetreuungskosten – Verrechnung als Betriebskosten

Dem Mieter dürfen als Betriebskosten im Sinne des § 21 MRG immer nur die angemessenen Kosten verrechnet werden, gleichgültig auf welche Art die Hausbetreuungskosten erbracht werden. Die Angemessenheit des Entgelts oder Werklohns stellt daher die Obergrenze dar. Die nach früherem Recht für Hausbesorger zu leistenden Betr?ge bilden keine H?chstgrenze für die Angemessenheit.     

移植与适应：13—18世纪东南亚伊斯兰社会的特征

13-18世纪是伊斯兰教在东南亚传播和发展时期,作为一种外来宗教和文化,伊斯兰教要适应东南亚本土文化,表现在王权观念的移入、苏菲派传教方式与本土信仰的融合、伊斯兰教法与本地习惯法的适应,以及性别关系的变化,形成早期东南亚伊斯兰教“不正统”的特点。     

网络安全中的防火墙

全球信息化是人类发展的大趋势。计算机网络已渗透到社会生活的各个领域。由于网络的特性与弊端 ,网络安全问题日益严重。防火墙是一个加强机构网络与因特网之间安全访问的控制系统。虽然防火墙在当今因特网上的存在是很有生命力的 ,但它不能替代墙内的安全措施 ,不是解决网络安全问题的万能药方。     

20世纪90年代以来中印贫困问题比较研究

本文对中印贫困的现状、外在表征和内在成因等方面做出了深入细致的分析与研究,揭示出中印贫困现象背后深层次的运行机理,进而为两国政府探索消除贫困、制定切实可行的因应对策提供了全新的理论视角。     

IMMIGRATION POLICY,BORDER SECURITY,AND MIGRANT DEATHS: AN IMPACT EVALUATION OF LIFE‐SAVING EFFORTS UNDER THE BORDER SAFETY INITIATIVE*

Subsequent to U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) efforts to control illegal immigration throughout the 1990s, concern arose over an apparent increase in deaths of illegal migrants as they began to undertake more treacherous routes to enter the United States from Mexico. In response, the Border Safety Initiative (BSI) was created to increase safety along the southwest border. Using multiple data sources, including the USBP BSI Incident Tracking System, this study evaluated the impact of life‐saving efforts performed under the BSI program. Results indicate that there has been no overall reduction in the rate of migrant deaths since BSI has been in operation. However, an evaluation of BORSTAR search and rescue teams and the 2003 Lateral Repatriation Program (LRP), which returned apprehended migrants from Tucson sector to less hazardous places along the border, were found to be effective in preventing migrant deaths. Policy Implications: Critics of U.S. immigration policy claim that the only way reductions in migrant deaths along the U.S.‐Mexico border can be achieved is through liberalization of immigration policy and relaxing of border security. Yet, for more than a decade, U.S. policy makers have increased restrictions on immigration and have tightened security at the borders. Considering this, alternative means must be deployed in order to save migrant lives in the near term rather than waiting for a reversal of immigration policy. This study suggests that proactive life‐saving measures implemented through a harm‐reduction strategy can have some impact on saving migrant lives.     

Scale, technique and composition effects in the Mexican agricultural sector: the influence of NAFTA and the institutional environment

More than a decade after NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) entered into force, the environmental effects of agricultural trade liberalization in Mexico are still controversial, emerging, and not fully understood. This paper contributes to the literature that aims to explore trends in input use in the agricultural sector in Mexico during the post-NAFTA period among both commercial/industrial and traditional/rainfed farmers, and examines the influence of the national and multilateral institutional framework on these outcomes. We decompose the post-NAFTA agricultural production data into scale, technique and composition effects to estimate the impact that trade liberalization has had on the use of fertilizer and land use, two key agricultural inputs for which reliable aggregate data is available. We conclude that among commercial farmers patterns of crop type specialization and significant technological improvements have led to some declines in fertilizer use but they have been offset by growth in fertilizer use associated with growing agricultural output. Among traditional farmers increased output and specialization in land-intensive grain crops are contributing to an increase in land under cultivation and technological improvements show the potential, but not yet not the strength, to counteract these effects. We analyse the environmental institutional framework and rural development plans, observing that institutional weaknesses have, in several instances, reduced the environmental benefit of technique and composition effects. We conclude with recommendations about how the Mexican agricultural sector might reap the environmental benefits of international agricultural trade.