Barriers to Gender Equality in the Canadian Legal Establishment

In this paper we trace the historical exclusion of women from the legal profession in Canada. We examine women’s efforts to gain entry to law practice and their progress through the last century. The battle to gain entry to this exclusive profession took place on many fronts: in the courts, government legislature, public debate and media, and behind the closed doors of the law societies. After formal barriers to entry were dismantled, women continued to confront formidable barriers through overt and subtler forms of discrimination and exclusion. Today’s legal profession in Canada is a contested one. Women have succeeded with large enrolments in law schools and growing representation in the profession. However, women remain on the margins of power and privilege in law practice. Our analysis of contemporary official data on the Canadian legal profession demonstrates that women are under-represented in private practice, have reduced chances for promotion, and are excluded from higher echelons of authority, remuneration, and status in the profession. Yet, the contemporary picture of the legal profession also reveals that women are having an important impact on the profession of law in Canada by introducing policy reforms aimed at creating a more humane legal profession. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the emergence and development of business partnerships established by the Mongols and their merchant partners, ortoqs, in the Middle Ages. Ortoqs are known to have conducted trade and money-lending with the capital invested by their partners. This study shows that the contractual arrangements of Mongol–ortoq partnerships closely resembled medieval partnership contracts, such as mudharaba, inan, societas and commenda. Sophisticated concepts of liability in relation to investments and loans were developed in Mongol–ortoq partnerships, promoting trade and investment to facilitate the commercial integration of the Mongol Empire.     

有限合伙法律问题探讨

目前风险投资实业界和理论界公认有限合伙为风险投资机构的最佳组织形式 ,本文通过对有限合伙的概念及其特征的介绍 ,探究其在风险投资实务中的突出价值 ,并结合我国实际情况 ,对我国《合伙企业法》的修改及有限合伙立法提出具体建议。     

Politics and Markets in the Irish 'Celtic Tiger'

Ireland's rate of growth and employment creation during the 1990s far outstripped economic performance in the rest of the OECD. Competing explanations are available in accounting for these outcomes, one stressing the primacy of the market, the other focusing on political choice. A case is made for the importance of politics, particularly the successful strategic adaptation to the challenges and opportunities afforded by the completion of the Single European Market during the 1990s. Ireland, as a small open economy, needs to combine effective external adjustment with appropriate domestic adjustment policies. Two policy areas are chosen for particular attention: industrial development strategy, and social partnership arrangements. This experience has implications beyond the Irish case, as the new central European and Baltic EU member states face similar challenges of policy adaptation.     

《合伙企业法》的定位与法律协调

合伙从契约到组织体的观念和规则变更很大程度上是由于商事交易和由此产生的商事规则的发展.由于缺乏无限公司的立法传统和理念基础,在我国现有市场经济体制下应当坚持将合伙企业定位为一种与公司、个人独资企业等相并列的企业组织形式,形成《公司法》、《个人独资企业法》、《合伙企业法》等并行的商主体制度.修改后的《合伙企业法》坚持了这一原则,应当在将来的《民法典》的统领下,与公司法、外商投资企业法、税法、律师法、注册会计师法等法律部门充分协调、互相配合,形成一个完整和谐的规则体系.     

务实王道睦邻外交——21世纪中国和平崛起的民族传统战略文化资源

长期以来,对中国传统战略文化的划分只有以孟子为代表的王道与霸道两种,而事实上以荀子为代表的务实王道、纯粹王道及霸道三分法才更为合理,其中由荀子开创并以汉、唐、清三朝为代表的务实王道才是中国传统战略文化的精华与主流.新中国三代领导集体的外交思想则是对中国传统战略文化的批判性继承与创造性发展.展望21世纪的国际关系与中国外交,中国传统战略文化中的务实王道仍具有顽强的生命力与辉煌的发展前景,对其加以与时俱进的改造,仍可服务于中国的崛起与复兴.     

战略环境评价的发展趋势及在中国实施的管理程序和技术路线研究

本文总结、概述了战略环境影响评价(SEA)在国际上的推广及应用情况,包括SEA的成型和具体化两个发展阶段、SEA的三种类型及选例、SEA的执行标准的讨论以及SEA在国外的发展趋势等。在此基础上,讨论了在中国开展战略环境评价所涉及的各个部门的职责,提出了在中国开展战略环境评价的管理程序和技术路线。     

推进经济结构调整的战略措施

推动经济结构战略性调整是21世纪头二十年经济建设和改革的主要任务之一。经济结构调整的战略措施分为制度和政策两个层面:前者关键是国有企业改革;从政策的层面看,经济结构调整应该盯住产业结构、地区结构和城乡结构这三个节点,并把他们有机地结合起来,统筹推进。     

有限合伙的滥用与规制

我国修订后的《合伙企业法》规定了有限合伙制度,完善了合伙形式,但同时也为有限合伙人滥用有限责任侵害债权人利益提供了条件.为规制有限合伙的滥用,需要借鉴国外立法,完善有限合伙资本制度、限制分配制度、有限责任否认制度.     

从合伙的主体性到主体化

片面的强调合伙的主体性,不但在理论上面临着困境,还将不得不负担主体法定带来的僵化成本、服从成本和政治代理成本,且不利于合伙组织的创新.在我国现有登记体制下,应该把合伙从本质上视为契约,充分尊重契约自由,同时允许和鼓励合伙组织在自愿的基础上主动选择登记,从而享有主体资格.简言之,在合伙法律地位的认定方面,变主体性的判断为主体化的选择.