From Pax Americana to Pax Mosaica? Bargaining over a New Economic Order

While the economic rise of new powers, frequently identified as the ‘BRICs’ (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), has been dramatic, the implications of this emerging multipolarity for global economic governance are not clear. In this paper, we address the question: can the diffusion of power among a greater diversity of countries result in the creation of a new global economic order—a Pax Mosaica—to succeed the Pax Americana of the previous century? Our argument proceeds in four steps. First, we provide a brief overview of the achievements and limitations of the system that was established at the end of World War II, and lasted for over half a century in the form of Pax Americana. In the second section, we investigate the emergence of multipolarity, and highlight the opportunities and costs that this generates. In the third section, we explore the routes whereby the changing balance of power might be harnessed towards the creation of a Pax Mosaica. We do so by posing four sets of questions, which must be answered if the mosaic distribution of power is to lead to greater economic stability, growth, and peace. The fourth section concludes the paper with ideas for reform with reference to the World Trade Organization, the Bretton Woods institutions, and the G20.     

第三党的创建与评析

由于蒋介石的独裁统治、李立三“左倾”机会主义错误路线以及第三党的自身不足,第三党在创建初期遭受挫折。在创建前后第三党对当时中国革命基本问题和孙中山“三民主义”理论方向提出自己的政治主张及思想,其中有偏激性和阶级局限性的一面,同时也有正确的、革命性的一面,为推动中国民主化进程做出了积极贡献,在中国革命史上具有重要地位。     

第三部门发展面临的三重困境及出路选择

第三部门在成为政府助手推进经济社会发展的同时自身也遭遇着意识的、制度的和结构的三重困境。本文提出,必须加快培育公民社会,促进公民权利意识和自为意识的觉醒;完善制度建设,以法治精神构筑第三部门发展的理性规则秩序;壮大中产阶层,促进社会阶层结构"橄榄形化",多方施力帮助第三部门尽快步出困境。     

Taming Risks in Asia: The World Bank Group and New Mining Regimes

Abstract

Despite the admonishments of the 2003 Extractive Industry Review, the World Bank Group (WBG) has continued to promote the expansion of mining activities in resource-rich client-countries. While maintaining its mantra on the economic benefits of the sector in cash-strapped countries, in recent years poverty reduction and environmental sustainability have become the new buzzwords to justify the need for the WBG to remain actively involved in the sector. Building on the cases of the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Lao PDR, this paper analyses this new socio-environmental narrative in conjunction with the highly political nature of the role played by the WBG in the mining sector of its country-clients. The cases demonstrate that the World Bank has played a key role in influencing a wave of new mining regimes in the region. Further, these new regimes, which comprise multilateral social and environmental safeguards, circumscribe the risks faced by industry, rather than by local populations. While successful in stimulating foreign investments in the sector, these regimes might prove ineffective in taming local and national resentment against mining activities. Crucially, the engineering of mining regimes and norm-settings in multilateral arenas raises concerns about the legitimacy of the transformations of roles and responsibilities assigned to local mining stakeholders and the possible subsequent contraction of local political spaces.     

Baltic Refugees and Policy Formation in Sweden 1940–1950

The Baltic refugees of the Second World War, in Sweden, were part of the opening up of Sweden to immigration. New research, after the turn of the century, has shown how this change of policy was part of the emerging welfare state, embracing a wider geographical area. Still, the opening was conditioned by degrees of “Nordicness” and the conditions of neutrality toward Germany and not least the Soviet Union. This review article highlights some of the new insights of Swedish historiography.     

论行政相关人

行政相关人指参加行政法律关系、与行政行为有法律上利害关系的私主体。行政过程就是行政权力、行政相对人的权利、行政相关人的权利等相互作用的过程。行政相关人与行政行为具有利害相关性 ,其与行政主体之间形成行政法律关系 ,与相对人之间是民事法律关系。增强对行政相关人的研究 ,对于依法行政、促进行政程序制度建设、保障公民权利实现等都具有重要意义     

世博期间上海交通管理的对策思考

世博期间,庞大的参观客流与居民日常出行在时间与空间上叠加,势必给本来已经十分困难的上海市内交通造成更大的压力。世博期间交通管理的对策建议有:利用智能交通系统提高交通设施服务效率;重点疏导好"长三角"地区参观世博的客流;扎实做好P+R交通疏导工作;梳理中小道路资源,开辟单向交通;备好预案,以防不测;提高交通管理公共服务水平等。     

Performance of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) in China: Achievements and Challenges as Seen by the Chinese

This paper discusses the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and its achievements and challenges in China, the country obtaining most GEF support. This paper relies on Chinese perceptions, and less on views from the implementing agencies (IAs), the World Bank, UNDP and UNEP. Most attention is given to climate change and biodiversity. The paper asks what has been achieved; how effective has the GEF been? The study concludes that GEF funding has been important for China’s environmental problems. GEF and its IAs have contributed to raised awareness and technology development and have boosted institutional capacity through participation in project activities and training. The main emphasis has been placed on climate change projects and less on biodiversity. Much has been achieved by the GEF in China, but challenges exist. At the international level, the interests and roles of the GEF system, its IAs and recipient countries are not always compatible. GEF projects may suffer as a consequence. Another challenge relates to the seeming difference in effectiveness between World Bank projects and projects of the other IAs. Domestic challenges concern turf battles, problems related to information sharing, and different priorities among actors. The various government institutions’ reluctance to co-operate impacts significantly on the performance of GEF projects in China. The IAs should insist on smoother collaboration, and force the institutions to work together. Moreover, severe problems are apparent regarding financing as well as application procedures. Improvements are under way regarding the GEF application procedures. This will have a limited impact unless the Chinese side simplifies and improves procedures.     

The Effectiveness and Legitimacy of International Environmental Institutions

The Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) concluded during the past decades have established complex interlinkages between the institutions established by MEAs and institutions such as UNEP, UNDP and the World Bank and the funds administered by the Bank, in particular the GEF. Questions regarding the effectiveness and legitimacy of this system of global environmental governance have arisen both in practice and in research. This essay explores the manner in which these questions have arisen, how they have been addressed in recent research and provides the context for the subsequent contributions to this special issue. Steinar Andresen is professor of political science at the University of Oslo, Ellen Hey is professor of public international law at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam.     

文明多样性与“和谐世界”

文明是一个与野蛮、愚昧和无知相对应的概念,标志着人类社会进步的程度和开化的状态.文明的多样性是指各地区、各民族和各国社会进步所达到的程度和水平,体现了各地区、各民族和各国社会进步的特点和方式,也反映了人类社会生活的丰富性和多样性,这是一种客观现实.正是基于对这一事实的认识和尊重,中央提出了"和谐世界"这一具有全球视野的新理念.文明多样性是构建"和谐世界"的基石,"和谐世界"也是对多样性文明的内在诉求和应然结果,在本质上,二者是一致的.