论21世纪的国际新秩序的构建

建立国际新秩序是一个具有重大战略意义的大问题,解决这一问题的基本点有三,一是构建国际新秩序是一场尖锐而又复杂的斗争,二是构建国际新秩序是一个渐进的过程,三是中国在建立国际新秩序中应该有所作为.     

构建新世纪中国共产党执政战略

为了更好地贯彻江泽民同志“七一”讲话提出的深化对共产党执政规律认识的思想,中国共产党应构建新世纪执政战略。新世纪执政战略包括探索执政规律的出发点,确立执政指导思想,明确执政具体目标,更新执政理念,提高执政能力,丰富执政资源,转变执政方式,攻克执政难题,纯洁执政细胞,造就执政保证,优化执政环境和实现执政使命等。     

Intergenerational offending in Liverpool and the north-west of England, 1850–1914

Using contemporary sources from the north-west of England in the Victorian period, the authors examine the putative connections made by contemporaries which linked together ‘bad’ parenting and the transmission of criminal traits. Poor parenting practices were a prevalent explanation for juvenile (leading onto sustained) delinquency, especially in the mid to late nineteenth century. Popular narratives by Charles Dickens and media opinion-formers were very influential in depicting neglectful mothers who did not socialise their children into law-abiding, useful members of society, and criminal fathers who inducted their children into their own criminal affairs and organisations. This article examines the reality of intergenerational offending (using prison- and court-generated data) to show that there is very little convincing research that proves direct intergenerational transmission of offending practices (i.e. parent-to-child-offending transmission). The authors then examine other possible routes of intergenerational offending using case studies and archival research, and the article concludes that environmental/socio-economic conditions and wider familial/neighbourhood relationships were, in fact, the main trigger for onset of offending, and the maintenance of criminal careers, rather than direct familial transmission. The article is therefore an important marker in understanding the processes which inhibit/generate criminality in a significant number of juvenile offenders in this period.     

加强新的社会阶层人士工作巩固壮大新世纪新阶段统一战线

新的社会阶层作为统一战线中的一支重要新生力量,使新世纪新阶段统一战线的结构及其内部关系呈现出新的格局。全面开展新的社会阶层工作,是新世纪新阶段统一战线的重要任务。要把新的社会阶层工作作为统一战线工作新的着力点,做好团结新的社会阶层工作,巩固、壮大新世纪新阶段统一战线。     

中国行政法治发展进程的回顾与前瞻

中国行政法治在 2 1世纪初既逢实施依法治国方略的重大机遇 ,又面临一系列新情况、新课题都亟待研究解决。 2 1世纪的中国行政法治将在一般论、主体论、行为论、救济论和部门论等方面获得更加积极而稳健的发展 ,呈现出民主化、科学化、法治化的复合演进轨迹 ,这一进程将与我国经济、政治、社会和思想文化以及其他法律领域产生强烈深刻持久的交互影响。     

What Past Is Present?

The article deals with new modes of representation of Croatian contemporary history. It argues that the Croatian grand narrative of the twentieth century is presented as the continuous fight of Croats for their nation-state. All historical events in the narrative are appraised as beneficial or harmful only in how they contributed to the creation of the state. The pattern of representation in heavily ethnocentric. The constructed self-image of the Croatian nation portrays Croats as humiliated and repressed by various others in the twentieth century. Croats are represented as the victims of other national groups and of history. The notion of historical responsibility is nonexistent for the analysed period.     

Where did the first divorced people live in Paris and its suburbs?

ABSTRACT

Following the law of 1884 that re-authorised divorce in France, divorce was more frequent in the large cities before spreading to other urban areas and then to rural ones. Divorce rates were especially high in the Seine département from 1884 to the eve of the First World War. In this region, divorced people lived more frequently in Paris than in the suburbs. More precisely, they resided more often on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris proper (intra-muros) and, as an extension of this area, in the suburban cities to the west and, to the east, around the Bois de Vincennes. A comparison of the share of divorced men and women to the economic, demographic and cultural characteristics of the 20 Paris arrondissements and 74 suburban municipalities in the Seine département shows that a portion of the spatial distribution can be explained by the occupational structures of the area. Divorced people seldom lived in the most rural areas. This urban/rural divide can be explained by two main factors that can be complementary: the economic possibility to divorce – and here we will add the economic possibility for women to leave live alone after a divorce – and the social and cultural acceptance of divorce.     

近百年来海内外儒学研究述评

以儒家文化为主导的传统文化是中华民族最基本的文化基因。考察近百年来儒学在海内外发展的命运可以发现,儒学研究者对其态度大致经历了从全面批判到积极肯定再到创造性转化三个阶段。儒家思想在海内外的发展历程证明了中华传统文化经过创造性转化不但可以与现代文明相适应,而且能够对治由西方文化引发的人类生存危机,体现了中华传统文化历久弥新的魅力。     

Reappraising the French role in nineteenth-century Egyptian education

This article explores the origins of French influence in Egyptian education by examining the circumstances under which Muhammad Ali Pasha (r. 1805–1848) sent two organized student missions to study in Paris over other European destinations. In the history of modern Egyptian education, French influence on educational institutions is linked to persistent French imperial interest following their occupation of Egypt (1798–1801). French involvement in education was not initially a government project, but rather evolved to become a government project by the end of the Pasha's rule. Using historical evidence, I show that the first mission was a personal venture of ex-Bonapartists who desired to keep the spirit of the Napoleonic expedition alive through informal cultural imperialism despite the Restoration government's disinterest. The French government's official involvement in the second student mission of 1844 was motivated by their colonial interests in North Africa. Previous historians have projected those motivations backwards on the earlier period and that Egyptian choice to make use of French expertise and knowledge was a contingent one.     

Description of the peasants’ sexual behavior in August Wilhelm Hupel’s Topographical Messages in the context of the history of the Estonian family

The aim of this article is to introduce the work of August Wilhem Hupel, a Baltic German author of the 18th century. The article focuses on the sections in his most voluminous work Topographische Nachrichten von Lief- und Ehstland (1774–1782) that describe Estonian peasants’ sexuality. Hupel’s writings belong to the sources of the history of the Estonian family, a field that has been rediscovered at the beginning of the 21st century. Thanks to the work of Marika Mägi and Nils Blomkvist, a new paradigm for research in this field has been opened up. This article adheres to that paradigm.