Management not models: adaptability,responsiveness, and a few lessons from football

Despite a swathe of critiques of logframes and other blueprint approaches to development over the last 30 years, most aid infrastructure continues to concentrate on the design and subsequent implementation of closed models. This article does not propose an alternative to blueprints, but challenges the inflexibility of their implementation, which is inadequate given the complex nature of social change. It proposes a supplementary management and learning approach which enables implementers to be dynamic, adaptive, and responsive to problems and opportunities. Emphasising the role of donors, the paper presents a case study of one donor-led programme in Bangladesh doing just this.     

Nondestructive Methods for Recovery of Biological Material from Human Teeth for DNA Extraction

The extraction of DNA from human skeletal remains applied to forensic, and evolutionary studies do not exclude risks, which are to be evaluated when working with unique specimens that could be damaged or even destroyed. In the present study were evaluated several nondestructive methods for recovering DNA instead of the most currently used pulverization method. Three different procedures to access inside the dental pieces (occlusal perforation, cervical perforation, and cervical cut) have been compared with the aim of recovering as many cell remains as possible to carry out a DNA extraction. Given the DNA quantitation results, a method was proposed that consists of a cervical cut to facilitate the access to the pulp cavity and a subsequent filing of the root canals down to the apex of the dental root. This methodology allows the recovery of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, with the minimum deterioration for the dental pieces.     

微视野与视诱发电位在黄斑病变中的法医学应用

目的研究微视野仪与视诱发电位检测结果与最佳矫正视力的相关性,探索检测眼底黄斑病变者最佳矫正视力的途径。方法对62例黄斑病变者(黄斑病变组,62眼)及18例健康志愿者(对照组,36眼)进行最佳矫正视力、微视野仪及视诱发电位的检测。结果 (1)微视野仪检测示黄斑病变组视网膜平均敏感度、固视百分率均低于对照组,置信椭圆面积均大于对照组;视诱发电位检测示0.5周期/度(circle per degree,cpd)及2 cpd P100波振幅较对照组降低,潜伏期延长(P0.05)。(2)黄斑病变组最佳矫正视力与其视网膜平均敏感度、置信椭圆面积及黄斑中心2°、4°固视百分率之间呈正相关性(P0.05)。视网膜平均敏感度与P100波的振幅呈线性相关(P0.05)。(3)多元线性回归方程为y=0.053 x1+0.008 x3+3.897(y为最佳矫正视力,x1、x3分别为视网膜平均敏感度与2 cpd P100波振幅)。结论联合使用微视野仪与视诱发电位有助于判断黄斑区视网膜病变患者的客观最佳矫正视力。     

MSCT鉴定高坠死亡1例分析

目的使用多层螺旋CT(multi-slice spiral computed tomography,MSCT)技术对高坠伤的损伤特征进行观察分析,并通过对高坠伤的分析和观察重建高坠过程,从而探讨MSCT在分析高坠伤案例中的应用价值。方法以真实的高坠伤案例为对象,分别运用MSCT平扫、三维重建技术对尸体进行全面检查,联合运用系统尸体解剖分析高坠伤死亡方式等特点,比较尸体解剖和MSCT在获取损伤信息方面的差异。结果MSCT扫描结合三维重建,发现全身多部位骨折以及肝破裂,尸体解剖与影像学检查结果相对应,推断死亡原因为高坠致全身多发伤。结论 MSCT在高坠伤案件致伤方式分析中可作为传统尸体解剖的补充手段。     

Investment Treaty Law and the Fear for Sovereignty: Transnational Challenges and Solutions

This article addresses the vagueness, and the interpretative challenges associated with, international investment agreements (IIAs) and develops a new normative framework for interpreting these treaties. It focuses on the historical embedding of investment protection as a means of facilitating economic development as well as upon its synthetic public law nature. The analysis shows that a teleological approach to interpretation imposes boundaries on the meaning of substantive IIA provisions. The article then elaborates how the transnational dimension of IIAs provides a benchmark, which is the level of protection offered to economic actors against interference by the state in countries with the highest rule of law standards. The article then shows how the resulting challenges of comparative public law could be addressed through the methodology of re‐ and pre‐statement of transnational uniform ‘principles’: sophisticated and detailed rules striking the proper balance between private economic interests and the public regulatory interest, so as to provide more legal certainty for both investors and host states.     

15个基因座复合扩增体系的建立及新疆维吾尔族遗传多态性

目的建立15个基因座五色荧光复合扩增体系,并调查新疆维吾尔族的遗传多态性。方法筛选STR基因座,等位基因测序后按照重复序列重复次数命名,对建立的15个基因座五色荧光复合扩增体系进行灵敏度、种属特异性、同一性及稳定性检测,对新疆维吾尔族群体进行遗传多态性分析,与西藏藏族、岫岩满族、广州汉族进行群体间比较。结果建立了15个基因座复合扩增体系,检测灵敏度为0.3 ng,具有良好的种属特异性、同一性和稳定性。新疆维吾尔族13个常染色体STR基因座的基因频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,无连锁不平衡现象,大部分基因座在群体间差异具有统计学意义。结论建立的体系具有法医物证学应用价值,13个常染色体STR基因座在新疆维吾尔族群体多态性高,适合于亲子鉴定及个人识别,可作为现有基因座的补充。     

Comparing Electronic News Media Reports of Potential Bioterrorism-Related Incidents Involving Unknown White Powder to Reports Received by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Federal Bureau of Investigation: U.S.A., 2009–2011

There have been periodic electronic news media reports of potential bioterrorism-related incidents involving unknown substances (often referred to as “white powder”) since the 2001 intentional dissemination of Bacillus anthracis through the U.S. Postal System. This study reviewed the number of unknown “white powder” incidents reported online by the electronic news media and compared them with unknown “white powder” incidents reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) during a 2-year period from June 1, 2009 and May 31, 2011. Results identified 297 electronic news media reports, 538 CDC reports, and 384 FBI reports of unknown “white powder.” This study showed different unknown “white powder” incidents captured by each of the three sources. However, the authors could not determine the public health implications of this discordance.     

评白鸟库吉与顾颉刚对“尧舜禹”传说的价值判定

作为"抹杀论"与"古史辨"的创始人,白鸟库吉与顾颉刚在评判尧舜禹传说的价值时,都严格区分传说与史实,重视传说的历史性、宗教性价值,将传说视为考察民族宗教历史的重要依据,且都认为时间越晚,传说的体系越丰富。然而,在对待尧舜禹传说传递出的时代性与历史性信息以及传说背后反映出的宗教性和政治性特征上,二者的观点存在明显区别。对于《禹贡》是否存在地理学价值,二者亦提出截然相反的观点。     

Federal Dynamics of Changing Governance Arrangements in Education: A Comparative Perspective on Australia,Canada and Germany

Abstract

Education policy is a highly interesting field from the point of view of governance, given the substantial changes that have been made throughout the world to the governance of such policy over the last 30 years or so. Western governments in particular have made significant changes in the governance arrangements of their education policy in order to achieve two fundamental goals: increased efficiency and greater accountability. In this process, the role of governments has changed but not diminished. This paper explores such developments by comparing the trajectories of governance reforms in three federal countries (Australia, Canada and Germany). What emerges is that the role of governments is key to all governance mixes modelled by the reform processes in the three analysed countries, and that there is greater “national” coordination than before, but also significant differences in the strategies adopted and in the content of reform, due to the differing nature of such countries’ federal dynamics.