冷战后的美国太空控制战略

冷战后,美国为谋求太空霸主地位,实施太空武器化政策,并全力加速推进＂天军＂建设。美国控制太空的野心遭到了国际社会的反对,增加了核战的风险,加速了导弹、核武器扩散,给不扩散机制蒙上了阴影,给世界和平造成威胁,也给美国带来太空安全困境。同时,美国的太空控制战略也恶化了太空环境,妨碍了人类和平利用和探索太空。尽管奥巴马上台后调整了美国的太空政策,但美国的太空控制战略仍面临诸多重大挑战。     

行业协会价格卡特尔及其法律规制

竞争是市场经济的根本特征,价格卡特尔直接影响竞争价格的形成,导致价格对市场资源配置的有效性大大削弱,严重损害企业和消费者的利益,并进而造成社会福利水平的下降。在行业协会的条件下,价格卡特尔具有更强大的破坏力,并会增加相应的规制成本。完善我国行业协会价格卡特尔已刻不容缓。     

卫生行政处罚调查程序中相对人协力行为研究

行政调查是行政处罚的先行程序，是行政机关的重要权力活动之一，是行政处罚与决定的基础。因为卫生行政调查的专业性与技术性，相对人的协力行为对达成行政目的就显得格外重要，但是我国对其研究较少。行政协力符合行政民主化、法治化的制度选择，已成为当今行政实践重要的行政手段和行为形式。所以应该借鉴外国经验结合我国实际，在《行政程序法》的制定过程中加入此内容，建立以非法证据排除为核心的相对人救济手段，采取相关措施以约束行政权。     

Reinventing Human Resource Development: Unintended Consequences of Clinton Administration Reforms

Abstract

Many Clinton–Gore government reform initiatives focused on federal training. The reforms were intended to make training a more flexible management tool and give line managers more authority for employee development and training. Under political directives, a number of changes were undertaken simultaneously without adequate monitoring to evaluate their impact on agency performance. Many changes had unintended, negative consequences. When reinvention efforts ended in 2000, federal training programs did not work better and cost less and, in fact, the opposite was true and many problems remained unsolved.     

Uncovering the Iceberg: Mandating the measurement of fraud in the United Kingdom

Having regard to the impact of the credit crunch on fraud, the 19% average cuts in public spending and the wide disparities in fraud loss data, this article will argue for the mandating of fraud measurement through the introduction of legislation in the United Kingdom. The proposed statute applies to both the public and private sectors and incorporates minimum standards of measurement accuracy and the publication of findings and subsequent reduction strategies. In support of this contention this paper offers empirical evidence provided by the United States (US) Improper Payments Information Act of 2002. Further options for change are also presented including developing the role of the National Audit Office and the creation of an infrastructure for knowledge management through the sharing of best practice.     

立法促进大学知识产业化的作用透视——发达国家的实践与经验借鉴

20世纪80年代以来,国际高等教育政策发生了显著变化,高等教育学术性得到加强的同时市场化程度加快、知识产业化凸显,大学正成为产业科技创新的合作伙伴,在经济发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用.大学知识产业化一方面是大学自身发展的要求,同时也是国家政策驱力所致.产业化过程中各国都采取了相应的立法或政策措施鼓励大学科研走出象牙塔,与产业密切结合.美国政府通过科技立法制定灵活的创新政策激励大学知识产业化;英国政府积极推动多元化的产学合作政策方案,建立产学间交流渠道.鼓励大学成为地方经济发展的动力;日本政府一贯致力于产学合作各项法律制度的完善,为产学合作发展建立良好的法制环境.发达国家制定的促进大学知识产业化的相关立法取得了良好绩效,为我国大学知识产业化专门立法提供可资借鉴的经验.     

Determinants and Evaluation of Local Energy‐Efficiency Initiatives from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

This article examines variation in local‐level energy‐efficiency grants and corresponding initiatives from the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) in the United States. The analysis is based upon a hurdle model of counts of energy‐efficiency grants received by 348 local governments that received these grants from 2009 to 2013, as well as 348 matched local governments that did not receive such funds. City‐level characteristics including amount of federal financial support, per capita income, signaling of preferences for sustainability policies, manufacturing, and political influences are shown to be empirically important determinants of variation in local energy‐efficiency initiatives. The evidence suggests that all else held equal, the $21.8 billion in ARRA funds expended with the intent of increasing local energy‐efficiency programs and policies successfully led to this end.     

What does Brexit Mean for the UK's Climate Change Act?

This article examines the potential implications of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union (so‐called ‘Brexit’) for the success and survival of the country's flagship climate policy, the Climate Change Act 2008. The impact of a ‘soft’ and a ‘hard’ Brexit for the main features of the Climate Change Act are assessed, building on documentary evidence and elite interviews with key policy‐makers and policy‐shapers. The article argues that the long‐term viability of the Climate Change Act was being threatened even before the EU referendum, and that Brexit will do little to improve this situation. Even though the existence of the Climate Change Act is not under immediate threat, a range of issues presented by Brexit risk undermining its successful implementation.     

制造法不允许的危险:质疑与检视

制造法不允许的危险应当被定位为结果归责的前提,而非结果归责的内容。在结果加重犯中,制造法不允许的基本结果之危险,涉及到实行行为的判断;而制造法不允许的加重结果之危险,与实行行为的判断无关,而是属于结果归责的内容。主流的客观归责理论存在着以下严重的缺陷:没有清楚地区分行为不法与结果不法,弱化了刑法上行为规范的指示功能;没有留下足够的空间去讨论刑法限制行为自由的正当根据,不利于保障国民的行动自由;将同一内容反复检验,有损犯罪判断的经济性;不利于确立一个明确的结果归责的连接点,造成结果归责判断的混乱。制造法不允许的危险的下位判断基准,无法为行为无价值立场下的实行行为的判断提供可以借鉴的内容。制造法允许的危险、单纯降低法益的危险等下位判断基准,确实可为结果无价值立场下的实行行为的判断提供值得注意的内容,但受制于自身的立场,并不能将这些内容纳入到实行行为的判断之中。