美国科技创新知识产权法律制度研究

美国科技创新法律制度建立在《拜杜法案》以及其他法律和行政法规基础之上,它在理论层面为科学研究与科技创新确立清晰明确的政策指引,在制度层面为科学研究与科技创新提供行之有效的法律保障,在应用层面为科学研究与科技创新设计灵活多样的利益配置。对美国科技创新知识产权法律制度的研究,有助于我国科学研究与科技创新事业的发展。     

“拜一杜规则”与中国《科技进步法》和《专利法》的修订

如何促进政府投资所生之科研成果尽快向产业界转移,充分实现公共投资的经济和社会价值,一直是各国政府所面临的一个挑战。美国于1980年制定的《拜—杜法案》通过将政府资助所作之发明获得专利的权利划归完成单位,以产权激励的方式刺激此类创新成果的实施,并为此构建了被称为拜—杜规则的一整套颇为完备的制度,其实施取得了举世瞩目的效果。中国为提高政府资助科研所获得成果的产业化实施率,借鉴美国经验,在《科技进步法》中引入了拜—杜规则的核心内容。但是,仅有科技基本法原则性的规定是不够的,为充分发挥拜—杜规则的积极作用,《专利法》或者《专利法实施细则》中有必要充实这一规则的具体制度设计。     

'Dedicating' Copyright to the Public Domain

This article explores whether authors can dedicate their copyright to the public domain. Such dedications are becoming increasingly relevant as authors now see the expansion of the public domain as value in itself. This is facilitated by organisations providing pro forma documents for dedicating works to the public domain. However, there has been no real consideration of what, if any, legal effect a dedication to the public might have. This article suggests that such dedications are no more than copyright licences which, in English and US law at least, can be revoked at will. This means that users of such works must rely on estoppel alone to enforce any dedication to the public domain.     

政府公开的原则与例外——论美国信息自由制度

信息公开是美国《联邦行政程序法》的重要组成部分,也是美国对世界行政法治的一大贡献。在简要总结了美国信息公开制度的历史进程和最新发展之后,还需详细探讨信息公开原则及其例外的司法适用,并深入分析信息公开和个人隐私之间的复杂关系诸问题。由于信息公开与透明度在行政程序中发挥着特别重要的作用,美国的经验应能对中国相关制度的完善提供有益的启示。     

小渊内阁的金融举措

日本小渊内阁出台金融再生法并采取一系列刺激措施， 试图消除巨额不良债权， 重振日本金融体系和日本经济。金融再生法完善了金融机构的破产处理制度及注资制度， 强化了不良债权回收体制， 刺激措施也部分缓和了日本经济的衰退趋势， 但金融再生法的实施面临不少具体困难， 刺激措施效果也有限。     

美国军事司法权归属性的再界定

关于美国军事司法权的归属性,当前的主流观点(美国军事司法权隶属于国家司法权)与美国的客观实际不符。事实上,美国的军事司法权从一开始就隶属于军事统帅权,但又受到国家司法权一定的制衡作用。     

Judicial Review,Irrationality, and the Legitimacy of Merits-Review

The definition of the irrationality ground of judicial review recognises the constitutional principle of the separation of powers, in allowing for judicial control of the executive only very rarely. The author in a previous article in this study found that the courts, on occasions, had intervened in circumstances where administrative decisions arguably were not irrational. To this end, the purpose of this article is to assess the constitutionality of these seemingly low standards of irrationality. The author does so by reference either to the manner of review employed—the use of the proportionality principle, for example—or the context of the administrative decision under scrutiny, such as the infringement of the applicant’s fundamental rights. The author finds that the cases from the previous article where low standards of irrationality were arguably adopted were, in fact, legitimate according to these chosen methods of evaluation. However, this is an interim conclusion because, for reasons of word length, the author is unable to complete a full assessment here. It is therefore proposed that a subsequent article will continue to examine the constitutionality of these cases. Furthermore, the author will also try and establish a zone of executive decision-making, for reasons of democracy, where the courts are excluded from irrationality review. If the author is unsuccessful in this regard, the final conclusion of this study will inevitably be that low standards of judicial intervention exist without limit—a clear assault on the constitutional principle stated above.

The new German Data Protection Act and its compatibility with the European Data Protection Directive

A substitution of the right to maintain mailing lists for marketing purposes (the so-called list privilege) by a strict opt-in requirement as proposed by the German Government for the amendment of the German Data Protection Act does not conform with European law. Making the use of relatively innocuous data like name and address for marketing purposes subject to the data subject's declaration of consent infringes upon the requirements of the European Data Protection Directive. The Directive allows for the use of personal data either on the basis of a data subject's declaration of consent or after a balancing of legally protected interests. Reducing this two-track model to a one-track model (based on the data subject's declaration of consent only) does not do justice to the idea of balancing of interests or free movement of goods and services which are a mandatory part of European law. The draft bill interferes drastically with the free movement of goods and services. A tightening of the opt-in requirements would be a severe burden for the German economy because it is impossible for businesses to distribute their goods and services without the help of marketing measures. The economic cycle would be hit at its weakest point, i.e. the link between businesses and consumers which is gaining more and more importance especially with a view to cross-border competition.     

专利授权行为的法律性质

专利制度需要改革,譬如我国的专利无效程序因其环节多等原因而颇受学者非议。然,专利制度改革需要理论的支持。专利授权行为的性质是专利法中的重要课题,对专利制度的选择具有重要意义。否弃行政许可行为理论,重构专利授权行为理论,认定其为司法性行政行为,这对专利制度改革和实践具有重要意义。     

南非难民保护制度研究——对难民地位、权利和义务的分析

南非难民保护制度建立在南非《宪法》的基本价值基础之上,国家现行难民立法的概念明显向移民法转移。《难民法案》重构先前压制性的难民制度,代之以人权文化为基础的难民法,其颁布标志着国际法和国内法的有意识的融合,是与其宪政体制相符的。本文着眼于当前各种难民法规关于难民权利和自由的细节规定,如《联合国难民地位公约》和非洲统一组织的难民定义,重点讨论难民地位的定性、难民地位的确定和难民的权利与义务问题,并强调对难民法或者权利的任何解释都必须推进开放和民主社会下有关人格尊严、平等和自由的价值观。