刑罚进化论——从刑事政策角度的批判

刑罚进化论对刑罚制度的线性发展持乐观态度 ,认为越是到现代 ,刑罚越人道和轻缓 ,这种观念影响较大 ,但是很值得质疑。作者通过对近现代刑罚改革思潮进行分析后指出 :所谓的刑罚进化论是不能成立的 ;刑罚的正当性与进化论无关 ,而只与刑事政策的运用 ,以及规范有效性的维持、规范的稳定有联系。坚持刑罚进化论命题 ,在刑事法领域会产生负面效果。一方面 ,刑罚进化论强制人们忍受残酷、多余的刑罚制度 ;另一方面 ,它也会导致阻碍刑罚改革的惰性思维的产生。     

BRICS,the southern model,and the evolving landscape of development assistance: Toward a new taxonomy

In recent years, there has been an explosion of categories and labels to account for the expansion of forms of cooperation beyond the membership of the Development Assistance Committee. Such hype has led to the construction of the so‐called southern model as the archetype of development cooperation coming from non‐Development Assistance Committee countries that are somehow committed to the principles of the South–South cooperation. The present article challenges the idea of a southern model by providing an analysis of drivers, tools, and modality of development assistance.     

大国安全与地区发展的悖论?——基于冷战早期美拉关系的考察

为了遏制共产主义的发展,战后初期美国积极在西半球编织反共防务安全体系。与此相比,美国对拉美国家的经济援助需求消极怠慢,对它们所面临的经济发展问题视而不见,采取了“贸易而非援助”的经济政策,激化了美拉矛盾。20世纪五六十年代,一些拉美国家实行了国有化和土改等民族主义改革,并同苏联加强贸易往来,反美反独裁的游击运动风起云涌。在美国看来,这与其在西半球的经济安全和反共战略相悖。为了化解危机,美国一方面以反共和集体安全为名,对“敌对”政权进行军事干预,另一方面也在不断调整自身政策,加大对拉美国家的经济援助力度。不论怎样,谋求和巩固在西半球的霸主地位始终是美国制定拉美政策的根本目的,安全和稳定是其维护的主要利益。在理论上,只有拉美国家的深层经济发展问题得到有效解决,才能消除不稳定的隐患,所以,美国国家安全与拉美地区发展是并行不悖的。但在现实中,由于拉美国家的既得利益集团与美国关系密切,美国不可能切实推进拉美国家的经济改革,同时美国又常以安全防务政策化解由经济发展引发的拉美问题,这种立场上的偏差注定了美国提出的经济改革方案的“无效性”,而仅仅是一种权宜之计。     

The Effect of Bargaining on US Economic Aid

This article is designed to explore the effect of bargaining power on the distribution of US economic aid. Conceptualizing US foreign assistance as the outcome of aid-for-policy transactions between the donor and its recipients, it shows why the bargaining issue is an integral part of US economic aid. A two-tiered stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is then developed to integrate the bargaining effect into our empirical analysis. Applying the model to US economic aid for the period of 1976–2011, I show empirical results that strongly support the bargaining approach. The results show that the bargaining effect explains a fundamental part of the cross-recipient difference in the level of US economic aid. On average, the donor US enjoys more bargaining power. However, a huge variation in bargaining capability on the recipient side is equally noteworthy. As for the contributors to the difference, the statistical results reveal that bargaining efficiency increases with higher per capita income, ongoing civil war, violations of personal integrity rights, and a more democratic regime, on the one hand. Importing heavily from and having an active defense pact with the US, on the other hand, affect bargaining efficiency negatively.     

The mechanics of democracy promotion tools: bridging the knowledge-to-practice gap

By drawing upon the literature that diagnoses the gap between academics and practitioners, this article categorises and describes the traditional democracy promotion tools developed by international governmental and non-governmental organisations to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice. Further, it examines the utility of ICTs in promoting and upholding democratic change. The findings inform considerations and specific recommendations offered to the tool developers on how to converge traditional and new democracy promotion tools. These are intended to assist in focusing tool design and development efforts, and promoting standardisation and innovation.     

河南开展法律援助应援尽援的探索与实践

法律援助应援尽援是一项大胆的探索和实践。河南省在扎实工作基础上,探索出了一条保障困难群众合法权益,促进社会公平正义,维护社会和谐稳定的成功做法,为全国法律援助工作创新发展提供了范例。     

建设学习型党组织基本问题再思考

建设学习型党组织是一项复杂而长期的系统工程,是我们党在新时期新阶段有效提高全党的思想理论水平、大力创新党建工作的重要抓手和基本路径,既关系到我们党的前途与命运,也关系到国家的兴旺与发达。因此,我们必须在不断的实践过程中深入地反思与体悟建设学习型党组织的一系列基本问题,如怎样深入理解学习型党组织的本质内涵,建设学习型党组织的必要性和紧迫性,以及怎样确保建设活动的实效性,避免建设活动的虚无化和形式化。     

做好高校贫困生资助工作的思路

近几年，国家不断加大对高校贫困生的资助力度，构建了以国家助学贷款为主．以“奖、助、补、减”为辅的贫困生资助体系，也取得了很大成效。为进一步搞好这项工作，应把好贫困生资格认定关；完善现有贫困生资助体系，形成多层次、全方位的混合型资助体系；建立与完善贫困生资助工作监督体系；实施精神资助，践行高校育人功能；增强资助工作管理人员工作的主动性，加强管理队伍的职业道德建设。     

高度重视并致力提升理论武装的有效性——对改革开放以来党的理论武装情况的回顾与思考

改革开放30多年来,党的理论武装工作取得了很大成绩。但是从总体上看,理论武装的重大作用远没有充分发挥出来。通过总结某些地方开展理论武装工作的成功经验可以发现,理论武装的重要作用能否充分发挥,与理论武装的有效性直接相关。解决理论武装的有效性问题,必须解决动力问题、入耳而入脑问题、学以致用问题和机制问题。     

抗美援朝中志愿军党支部建设经验

抗美援朝战争期间,志愿军各级党委和政治机关结合战时情况努力加强党支部建设,积累了丰富的经验。一是着眼于提高官兵的工作积极性,实施强有力的思想领导;二是着眼于适应新的战争情况,改进党支部的领导方法与作风;三是着眼于解决党员骨干能力偏弱的问题,重视党员的发展、教育和支部领导骨干的培训。