The effect of feeding enrichment upon reported working ability and behavior of kenneled working dogs

It is widely recommended that kenneled dogs are provided with environmental enrichment such as toys or feeding devices. However, the adoption of enrichment for military working dogs is impeded by a widespread belief that it reduces their motivation to work. Handlers of 22 working German Shepherd dogs were asked to rate their dogs on 11 attributes pertaining to working ability, related behavioral traits, and health. Eight of the dogs were then provided with daily feeding enrichment for 4 months, while the remainder were given equivalent human attention. The same 11 traits were scored again following the enrichment period: 10 changed little over the period while handlers' reports of their dogs' Ability to learn from being rewarded increased significantly. Changes for all attributes were virtually identical in enriched and control dogs. We conclude that if correctly managed, feeding enrichment can be introduced to kenneled working dogs without any reported detrimental effects upon working ability, health, or behavior.     

论动植物检疫失职罪

通过对动植物检疫失职罪的概念和构成要件特征进行分析,结合司法实践阐述了本罪认定应注意的若干问题,并详尽论述了本罪成罪标准及与相关罪的区别和联系.     

Is regulatory innovation fit for purpose? A case study of adaptive regulation for advanced biotherapeutics

The need to better balance the promotion of scientific and technological innovation with risk management for consumer protection has inspired several recent reforms attempting to make regulations more flexible and adaptive. The pharmaceutical sector has a long, established regulatory tradition, as well as a long history of controversies around how to balance incentives for needed therapeutic innovations and protecting patient safety. The emergence of disruptive biotechnologies has provided the occasion for regulatory innovation in this sector. This article investigates the regulation of advanced biotherapeutics in the European Union and shows that it presents several defining features of an adaptive regulation regime, notably institutionalized processes of planned adaptation that allow regulators to gather, generate, and mobilize new scientific and risk evidence about innovative products. However, our in-depth case analysis highlights that more attention needs to be paid to the consequences of the introduction of adaptive regulations, especially for critical stakeholders involved in this new regulatory ecosystem, the capacity and resource requirements placed on them to adapt, and the new tradeoffs they face. In addition, our analysis highlights a deficit in how we currently evaluate the performance and public value proposition of adaptive regulations vis-à-vis their stated goals and objectives.     

论日本的“全球食品价值链战略”

日本近年来采取"主动进攻型"政策,积极推动农林水产品及食品的海外发展。为此,政府出台了包括"全球食品价值链战略"在内的多项相关政策,形成了多层次、多领域的"组合型"支持政策体系。该战略具有强调官民并举的实施理念,基本战略与地区战略协同,政府间双边经济合作机制与民间投资的联动,产品、设备等硬件与技术、管理系统等软件的"捆绑"式出口等特征。     

文化产品的差异性和特殊性论析

了解文化产品的差异性和特殊性是发展文化产业的逻辑前提。文章在分析文化概念的基础上,对文化产品的娱乐性、意识形态性、无形性和价值特殊性等特殊性质进行了分析,归纳出文化产品是一种同时具备公共物品和私人物品两种属性的特殊物品。     

河南省发展农产品区域品牌的意义探析

河南省是一个农业大省,名特优农产品资源十分丰富,发展农产品区域品牌,推进农产品的品牌化经营,是提高河南省农产品的市场竞争力,增加农民收入的一种有效手段。其对河南农业发展具有重要的意义。     

IMF retrospective and prospective: A public goods viewpoint

The paper investigates changes in IMF activities using the analytical framework of international public goods. The IMF promotes international financial stability, whose outputs are joint products with varying degrees of publicness. In recent years, IMF loans (recipient-specific benefits) have assumed decreased importance, while the Fund’s technical assistance and monitoring activities have taken on greater importance. As a consequence, the club and purely public outputs (e.g., disseminating best practices) have grown as a share of IMF activities. Changes in the mix of IMF activities alter the mix of international public goods and, in so doing, change policy recommendations regarding the role of IMF. The future of IMF is also addressed, especially in light of increased private capital flows.

WTO《农产品协定》的适用缺陷及我国对策

尽管WTO《农产品协定》对农产品出口补贴进行了有效的规制,但仍存在着一定缺陷,包括起点负荷、滚动使用和农产品或产品组等漏洞,导致不少国家仍对关键农产品适用出口补贴。对于其他成员的农产品出补贴行为,我国除了在不违反《农产品协定》的情况下,通过国营贸易企业对关键农产品进行垄断经营外,也可根据国外农产品出口补贴对我国农产品影响的具体情况,采取多边和单边救济措施。     

论GATT1994第3条国民待遇原则中“同类产品”的认定——以日本酒税案、智利酒税案、韩国酒税案、欧共体石棉案为视角

同类产品的认定是正确实施国民待遇原则的前提。GATT边境税调整工作组报告提出了确定同类性的个案标准和四个具体因素,日本酒税案提出了手风琴理论。WTO争端解决机构通过若干判例表明,第3条第2款第1句的同类产品应从严解释,第2句的直接竞争或替代产品包括同类产品,第4款的同类产品应从宽解释。由此,同类产品的认定没有统一标准,WTO争端解决机构享有相当的自由裁量权,国民待遇原则正确适用的争议解决具有一定的不确定性。     

办理销售盗版音像制品犯罪案件的法律适用问题

销售盗版音像制品犯罪案件在我国日益猖獗,但是长期以来关于销售盗版音像制品犯罪的法律适用问题,在理论界始终有两种不同的认识,同时也困扰着司法实践,导致在司法实践中对同一种行为作出了两种不同的处理结果。引述了两部重要的司法解释,并结合《刑法》及相关条例,提出准确界定销售盗版音像制品犯罪行为的方法与依据。