Women of protest,men of applause: political activism,gender and tradition in Kyrgyzstan

ABSTRACT

Tradition has come to play an important role throughout Central Asia in a number of new ways since independence, but has been predominantly investigated regarding nation building. In this article, we show how tradition is being used operationally in the context of activism and political conflict. We expose the various motivations and tactics pursued by aksakals (lit., whitebeards) and by a movement of mature women called OBON (lit., Women Units for Special Purposes) as they participate in politics, and the role tradition plays in these activities. We argue that aksakals actively draw on tradition even in the political realm to avoid being derogatorily labelled ‘elders on duty’, whereas OBON women position themselves as economic and political actors but are subjected to discourses and practices of tradition by others. While both aksakals and OBON women have been central to political action in Kyrgyzstan in the last two decades, this article is the first to compare and contrast these two categories of unusual activists. The comparison reveals a perpetuation of culturally recognized gender roles even when these actors go beyond their ‘traditional’ realms of competence.     

中国传统的司法和法学

近来祖国大陆的法学界流行着两种对于中国传统的批评:其一指责中国传统司法者不遵循法律和先例,仅仅就事论事,凭天理人情作成判决;其二声称中国传统文化里几乎没有法学可言。二者都与事实不符。第一,中国自秦汉时起,法律已极繁多,在有明文可以适用或有成案可以比照的情形下,司法者都乐于遵循,不会自找麻烦另寻判决的依据。如果没有法律或成案可用,任何法制里的司法者都该先仔细分析案情(“就事论事”),然后探索法的精义(“天理人情”)而作成一个合乎公平正义的判决;中国传统司法者的做法并非例外。第二,中国历代都有许多学者不仅以纯理性的观点和方法对于当代的法律加以注释、批详,并且从历史背景和社会经验中去深究其渊源、目的和效能,以及法与其它社会规范的关系、法的正当性,法律条文不足时应该如何补救等法学上的重要问题,留下许多著作,对于这些问题提出了精辟的见解。只因他们的观点、方法和所用的语言及陈述方式与近人习见的不同,所以被忽略了。中国传统法制自成一系,与世界另几个重要法系并立,各有短长。如要加以检讨,应该先对它作一番整体的、深入的研究;如果想用另一法系的某些规定作为他山之石以改善中国法制,则更须对那些规定甚至整个法系作一番同样的研究,看清了二者的优劣,慎为取舍,不可以轻易地将中国目前的问题一概归咎于传统,更不该盲目地仿效他人。     

"文化经济":历史嬗变与民族复兴的契机

“文化经济”是一个新的时代命题和战略构想。文化与经济相互作用的运动,在现代社会以前是以潜在的朴素的形态存在着。文化经济一体化从产生到发展经历了人类社会物质基础、政治环境、价值理念不断演化、变迁的历史过程。“文化经济”展现了中华民族实现伟大复兴的最佳契机和发展路径,文化经济的核心是追求人与自然、社会、经济、文化的和谐统一,目标是促进社会形态的发展和实现人的全面发展。     

感悟牛津——古朴与现代、传统与创新的完美结合

珍视历史,不事奢华,是牛津引领世界的精神内核;勇于创新,不循旧制,是牛津千年不败的思想动力; 扬长避短,突出特色,是牛津再攀高峰的目标选择。     

论乡村旅游的文化特性

乡村旅游是一种具有田园观光、乡土民俗感受及休闲度假性质的"复合式旅游产品",其文化特性包含有深厚淳朴的传统文化和宁静自然的田园生态文化,深入研究其文化内涵,不仅可以大力开发这一旅游产品市场,而且对传统文化的传承,加强城乡交流与沟通,理解传统与现代特质都有积极意义。     

试论法律意识的影响因素和价值

当前 ,影响我国公民法律意识的因素有法律文化传统 ,经济文化发展水平 ,法律的实际运行情况等方面。由于法律意识无论对立法、执法还是守法都有重要价值 ,所以必须针对我国公民的法律意识水平有待提高的现状 ,采取措施增强公民的法律意识 ,推进我国的法治化进程。     

Legal change in post-communist states: Contradictions and explanations. Introduction

Reformers had high hopes that the end of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union would lead to significant improvements in legal institutions and the role of law in public administration. However, the cumulative experience of 25 years of legal change since communism has been mixed, marked by achievements and failures, advances and moves backward. This special issue of the journal Communist and Post-Communist Studies documents the nuances of this process and starts the process of explaining them. This introductory essay draws on the findings of the articles in this issue to explore the impact of three potential explanatory factors: regime type, international influences, and legal (or political) culture. Regime type matters, but allows for considerable variation within authoritarian and democratic states alike and the possibility of reversals. The influence of international organizations (like the European Union) is also far from predictable, especially once states have joined the organization. Finally, legal cultures and political traditions play a large role in explaining developments in individual countries, but there is nothing inevitable about their impact.     

社会转型期中共优良传统的支撑作用

在发展社会主义市场经济的历史条件下,继承和发扬党的优良传统,是新时期党风建设面临的重要课题。本从维护社会政治稳定、促进社会主义市场经济的发展及增强民族凝聚力三个方面论证了在新形势下继承发扬党的优良传统的重要意义,阐述了党的优良传统在中国社会转型过程中的地位和作用。     

广西猪瘟流行毒株E2基因的序列分析

对从广西南宁和柳州分离的 2株猪瘟病毒E2基因进行了测序。应用DNAstar序列分析软件对所测 2个毒株GXNN、GXLZ的E2基因序列与猪瘟兔化弱毒株和石门 (Shimen)株进行了比较分析。结果显示 ,GXNN、GXLZ株与猪瘟兔化弱毒株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为 82 .1%和 82 .6 % ,推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为 87.9%和 88.7% ;GXNN、GXLZ株与Shimen株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为 83.6 %和 84 .0 % ,推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为 89.3%和 90 .1%。GXNN、GXLZ株与猪瘟兔化弱毒株和Shimen株的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列都有明显差异。     

猪瘟组织灭活疫苗与猪瘟弱毒冻干活疫苗免疫效力的比较

对猪瘟组织灭活疫苗的制备方法进行了研究,并就其免疫效力与猪瘟弱毒冻干活疫苗进行了比较。结果表明,接种猪瘟组织灭活疫苗的猪群所产生的抗体水平比接种猪瘟弱毒冻干活疫苗的猪群抗体水平高1～2个稀释度,而且高效价的抗体持续期较长。