Criteria for Evaluation of Burden-sharing Rules in International Climate Policy

This article presents nine criteria for assessing, comparing, and ranking burden-sharing rules and conceptual frameworks used in climate policy negotiations and agreements. Three of the criteria are concerned with fairness principles and six criteria are operational requirements. The application of these criteria is illustrated in the context of six different burden-sharing schemes. The Multi-sector Convergence approach and the Triptych approach received highest average score of the six schemes. The Brazilian proposal received a similar total score, but unevenly distributed with a high score on fairness principles and low score on operational requirements. The European Union member countries employed the Triptych approach when they differentiated their national abatement targets prior to the 1997 Kyoto meeting. The Multi-sector Convergence approach was developed in a joint ECN (Netherlands Energy Research Foundation) and CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo) project. It is a sector-based, global approach that comprises convergence of per capita emissions at the same level in all countries. Sector-based approaches have a distinct advantage compared to other approaches because they reflect the economic structure of countries rather well. Such approaches could play a useful role in future climate policy negotiations, not the least in discussions on binding climate targets for developing countries.     

论党的基本路线的变化与社会主义进程的推进

基本路线是无产阶级政党的行动纲领,其正确与否,关系到社会主义的前途和命运。探讨我党历史上基本路线的变化与社会主义进程推进之间的关系,对坚定党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线不动摇,推进社会主义的进程有极其重要的意义。     

论我国外资银行政策和立法的调整与完善

加入世贸组织 ,必然对我国金融服务业带来巨大的挑战 ,同时我国外资银行政策与立法亦应作出调整与完善。本文通过对我国外资银行政策和立法现状的探讨 ,分析了我国外资银行政策和存在的主要问题 ,并针对这些问题提出了完善我国外资银行政策和立法的主要措施。     

Export Growth and Development to Poor Rural Regions: a Meso-Scale Analysis of the Upper Limari

Abstract — The aim of this article is to explore the recent social and economic evolution of a rural region that was formerly one of the poorest in Chile but has been transformed by a productive specialisation in table grapes for export markets. The region is that of the Upper Limari in Chile's semi-arid Norte Chico. The analysis focuses on changes in four interrelated variables: productive investments; land markets; labour markets; and population distribution. Rapid growth in investment, the emergence of dynamic land markets, dramatic increases in labour productivity have transformed the agricultural sector. Small-scale farming has survived poorly due to lack of capital, technical problems and lack of bargaining power with the international fruit companies. The large-scale farmers have enjoyed better conditions and a reconcentration of land has occurred. However, the emergence of new productive activities in an area where labour alternatives have been historically scarce has provided new sources of income. Population is increasing in rural settlements linked to irrigated agroexportation and quality of life indicators have improved. Rural depopulation is not a feature of the region as a whole.     

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Robbed: Inequality in U.S. Criminal Victimization, 1974–2000

This paper investigates inequality in criminal victimization in the United States over the past quarter century. By analyzing data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, it shows that the crime drop since the early 1970s has benefited upper-income households much more than the poor, so that criminal victimization has become more concentrated among the poor (particularly in the area of nonstranger violence). The paper then decomposes this trend statistically in order to investigate factors that may explain it. That analysis finds that demographic changes in each quintile explain a significant share of the growing concentration of criminal victimization among the poor.     

切实转变政府职能的若干思考

党的十六大报告对我国当前及今后一段时期政府职能的准确定位,充分体现了与时俱进的精神.我们应把握好这一定位,切实转变政府职能.     

马克思新社会制度构想的当代回响——当代左派话语的深层历史逻辑

资本主义生产是为交换价值的生产,这个看似平常的结论其实是马克思对于资本主义研究的一个最重要发现.马克思预言未来代替资本主义的将是一个为使用价值而非交换价值而生产的全新社会.马克思的这个预言是当代社会主义理论与实践最重要的启示录.当代左派话语关于未来社会制度设计的讨论,始终围绕如下论题展开如何用基于使用价值的社会主义等值经济来取代基于交换价值的资本主义市场经济.     

Exploring the Genesis of Economic Innovations: The Religious Gestalt-Switch and the Duty to Invent as Preconditions for Economic Growth

This paper discusses changes in the level of knowledge, i.e. learning, as a key source of economic growth, and argues that historically a radical change in attitude towards new knowledge has been a necessary precondition for economic growth. The Renaissance created this radically new attitude in Europe, and this paper discusses contributions to economic theory and economic policy of some of the most influential scientists involved in this process: Francis Bacon (1561-1626) in England, and Leibniz (1646-1716) and Christian Wolff (1679-1754) in Germany. It is argued that these polyhistors viewed economic change as a dynamic knowledge-based process–a view that has important similarities with modern evolutionary or Schumpeterian economics. These similarities have so far not been recognized, and the paper suggests that modern economic theory would benefit from studying the theoretical and practical economics of these philosophers who laid the foundations for the industrial revolution.     

非正规就业的发展与工会运动的变革

在全球就业形势严峻的背景之下,非正规就业作为对正规就业的补充和扩展,受到国际劳工组织和众多国家的倡导和鼓励。但是,非正规就业的发展势必会撼动传统工会运动的群众基础。工会只有采取积极的对策,才能化险为夷。     

财政赤字使用中存在的问题及对策

适度的财政赤字在深化政革、促进经济增长、刺激消费需求、优化经济结构等方面发挥了重要作用，但在赤字规模、使用效益、管理原则以及与其他政策的配套使用方面还存在着不足。因此，在今后的财政赤字使用中，应控制赤字规模，减少财政赤字数量；合理确定使用方向，提高财政赤字的使用效益；调整财政政策措施，科学运用赤字财政政策；充分运用多种政策手段，建立完善的宏观调控体系。