从所有权法向物权法的转型——以“《俄罗斯联邦民法典》完善计划”为向度

自"前苏联解体"20多年以来,俄罗斯物权立法逐渐摆脱计划经济时代的物权观念,不断地向着传统物权法的类型与体系回归。通过渐次的多级转换,俄罗斯物权立法从"所有权中心主义的物权立法"向"他物权日益凸显的物权立法"转化。近年来通过"《俄罗斯联邦民法典》完善计划"的实施使之具有了与大陆法系之德国法传统的物权法相类似的体系特征。     

Gang Membership,Drug Selling,and Violence in Neighborhood Context

A prominent perspective in the gang literature suggests that gang member involvement in drug selling does not necessarily increase violent behavior. In addition it is unclear from previous research whether neighborhood disadvantage strengthens that relationship. We address these issues by testing hypotheses regarding the confluence of neighborhood disadvantage, gang membership, drug selling, and violent behavior. A three‐level hierarchical model is estimated from the first five waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, matched with block‐group characteristics from the 2000 U.S. Census. Results indicate that (1) gang members who sell drugs are significantly more violent than gang members that don’t sell drugs and drug sellers that don’t belong to gangs; (2) drug sellers that don’t belong to gangs and gang members who don’t sell drugs engage in comparable levels of violence; and (3) an increase in neighborhood disadvantaged intensifies the effect of gang membership on violence, especially among gang members that sell drugs.     

《森林法》基本概念重构

《森林法》领域存在着林地、林木、森林、森林资源等基本概念,这些概念之间的混乱关系已成为理论和实践工作者的一大诟病,不仅严重干扰了《森林法》的正确运行,而且造成与上位法的冲突。基于对这些概念文义上和法律上的解析,探寻出概念间关系混乱的根本原因,包括《森林法》名称本身与其调整范围的冲突,过于强调概念的技术界定,缺少与法律体系中相关概念的互动等等,进而提出重构这些概念的基本思路。     

学习型政党建设的组织行为维度阐析

学习是一个持续的过程,要使学习能够深入持久地坚持下去,就需要用制度和机制来约束和督促,充分发挥制度和机制的保障作用。因此,不断探索学习型党组织建设的方法和途径,健全学习型党组织的制度,是推进学习型党组织建设的重要保障。     

高校突发事件的特征及其应对策略

高校突发事件具有区别于其他突发事件的特征,如参与对象的特殊性、诱发因素的多样性、事件的迅速扩散性和后果的严重危害性等。当突发事件发生后,高校应当采取以人为本、预防为主、实事求是、统一领导、团结协作、快速平息危机、总结经验教训等应对策略,以切实维护学校和广大师生的利益。     

Comparison of feature selection and data fusion of Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy for identifying watercolor ink

The identification of different kinds of watercolor inks is an important work in the field of forensic science. Four different kinds of watercolor ink Spectroscopy data fusion strategies (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy) combined with a non-linear classification model (Extreme Learning Machine) were used to identify the brand of watercolor inks. The study chose Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS), Random Frog (RF), Variable Combination Population Analysis-Genetic Algorithm (VCPA-GA), and Variable Combination Population Analysis-Iteratively Retains Informative Variables (VCPA-IRIV) to extract characteristic variables for mid-level data fusion. The Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm is used to optimize the extreme learning machine classification model. The results showed that the classification capacity of the mid-level fusion spectra model was more satisfactory than that of single Infrared spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy. The CS-ELM models based on infrared spectroscopy used to recognize the watercolor ink according to brands (ZHENCAI, DELI, CHENGUANG, and STAEDTLER) obtained an accuracy of 66.67% in the test set using all spectral datasets. The accuracy of CS-ELM models based on Raman spectroscopy was 67.39%. The characteristic wavelength selection algorithms effectively improved the accuracy of the CS-ELM models. The classification accuracy of the mid-level spectroscopy fusion model combined with the VCPA-IRIV algorithm was 100%. The data fusion method increased effectively spectral information. The method could satisfactorily identify different brands of watercolor inks and support the preservation of artifacts, paintings, and forensic document examination.     

Putting security governance to the test: conceptual,empirical, and normative challenges

Security governance has featured prominently in recent debates about fragmentation, informalization, and privatization in the increasingly diverse field of security policy. It has inspired much valuable research. Yet, there are not just very different conceptual understandings of security governance; there is also a lack of clarity regarding its empirical manifestations and normative connotations. After a decade of research, the special issue therefore puts security governance to the test and scrutinizes its analytical and political pitfalls and potentials. This editorial briefly reviews the rise of security governance, identifies central conceptual, empirical, and normative challenges that need to be addressed, and introduces the individual contributions to this special issue.     

艾滋病歧视问题的法律探究

我国艾滋病(A ID S)歧视现象较为严重,主要包括艾滋病医疗歧视、就业歧视、教育歧视等歧视类型。目前,我国反艾滋病歧视法律制度还存在诸如立法理念落后、立法体系不完善,缺乏对艾滋病歧视的界定和法律责任的规定,司法救济力度不足等问题,加强我国反艾滋病歧视法律制度建设,应更新立法理念,完善立法体系,加强宪法监督,规定歧视者的法律责任,不断加大司法保护力度。     

借法异域：1874年台湾漂民案中的国际法话语建构

在1874年台湾漂民案中,知识精英和东南督宪借助奏折、照会和报刊等介质,首次在晚清外交中构建起国际法话语圈。论者广泛援引万国公法,形成诸如强调领土不容侵越、属地原则下番地自治、指责日本踞台及索赔、禁止局外对日援助、保护在日华侨、请求国际仲裁之类的观点和建议。公法舆论不仅迎合了清政府“或谕以情理,或示以兵威”的对日交涉策略,而且呼应甚或引导政府决策与军事外交。以天下体系为圭臬,晚清中国对国际法采取选择性采择,内在地削减了由“实效管辖论”所造成的国际公法与天下体系之间的紧张与张力,展现了东西方国际秩序之间的对话与沟通。     

类型学的犯罪故意概念之提倡——对德国刑法学故意学说争议的反思

百余年来德国刑法学在故意概念问题上发展出意志要素无用论、意志要素必要论和间接故意与有认识过失合一论三种基本主张的对立,以及十余种标记鲜明的理论学说。学说争议的出发点是为存在构造上具有区别的不同心理现象配置不同的责任,争议焦点在于意志要素无用和有用、行为意志和结果意志、客观危险和主观危险的对立。各种学说部分成功又部分失败的努力,以及彼此之间描述性而非实质性的区别都表明,故意界定的理论发展方向应由实体法视角转向程序法视角,由概念思维转向类型思维。在观念分界的意义上,故意是做成可能侵害法益的意志决定;在事实认定的意义上,提倡建构类型学的故意概念,通过对能够反映认识和意志强度的待证事实的解释性推论,来推断案件事实是否在整体上"充足"故意的类型。