论环境侵权救济中的交易行为与交易制度

由于环境侵权有其特殊性,且环境侵权诉讼与执行对受害者而言存在一些障碍,因此有必要建立诉前交易制度,即受害者与专业组织之间的交易制度,以便利受害者的救济,促使潜在环境侵权者采用先进技术和设备保护和改善环境。诉前交易系当事人处分自己的私权,因此诉前交易较之刑事诉讼中的辩诉交易应更具可行性。诉前交易与当事人之间的交易各有特点和适用范围,两者既不相互排斥,也不能相互代替,而应在环境侵权救济中发挥各自的作用。     

域外辩诉交易的发展及其启示

辩诉交易源于美国。其后,辩诉交易在德国的传播实践叫"刑事协商";在意大利刑事诉讼法典中被规定为"依当事人要求适用刑罚程序";在俄罗斯刑事诉讼法典中被称为"在刑事被告人同意对他提出的指控时做出法院判决的特别程序",通称为认罪程序;日本学者建议在对其简略程序改造时增加该程序叫做"司法交易";而在英国、加拿大等国家中仍然习惯称之为"辩诉交易"。辩诉交易从在美国之发端,到在加拿大等国家之广为传播,其之所以在一片抨击与责难声中,仍能保持如此旺盛的生命力,根源于该制度所独具的、其它诸多刑事司法制度所无法媲美的价值蕴涵。     

“辩诉交易”纵横论

诉辩交易产生于上世纪二三十年代的美国。采取辩诉交易可以使被害人因犯罪行为而遭受的损失早日得到补偿,也有利于修复被犯罪行为破坏的和谐关系。当然辩诉交易也有局限性,有时不利于查明案件事实真相,也有可能损害被害人的利益,也有可能有悖司法公正。尽管我国目前不存在引进美国式辩诉交易的环境,但这并非是说我国不能借鉴于辩诉交易,扬长避短一样可以为司法实践服务。     

土地承包经营权信托流转主要法律问题研究——以中信——农村土地承包经营权集合信托计划1301期为例

土地承包经营权是一项特殊的权利,并不能随意自由流转,采用转包、租赁等方式流转土地承包经营权,则农户依然享有土地承包经营权。若采取信托的交易结构,则会引起信托财产的性质不够确定的问题。信托财产的不确定会直接造成信托财产权利主体的不同,甚至会影响信托的生效。在土地承包经营权信托中,较为复杂的法律关系会造成法律关系的不稳定,权利义务关系主体不够明确,同时农民并不是直接的信托当事人,如此并不利于保护农民利益。     

中国引入辩诉交易制度的三重障碍

辩诉交易制度的基本机能在于规避诉讼风险,同时也有助于提高诉讼效率。但是,从背景来看,辩诉交易制度本质上是一项内生于英美对抗式诉讼模式的制度设计,其运行依赖于对抗式诉讼制度以及契约文化和实用主义的哲学观念,在我国引入辩诉交易制度应当要慎重。     

构建中国认罪协商制度研究

台湾地区的认罪协商制度有别于西方国家的“辩诉交易”,它独具特色,在许多方面值得我们借鉴。在中国当下,建立认罪协商制度不仅必要,而且可行。中国未来的认罪协商制度,应当在认罪协商的适用范围、认罪协商的内容、认罪协商的主体、认罪协商的程序、认罪协商的救济措施等方面作出科学、合理的构建,并建立起认罪协商制度的保障与监督机制。     

Industrial relations strategy and construction in the UK oil industry: the case of the national agreement

Abstract

This paper is a case study chronicling and analyzing the strategic considerations given to industrial relations in a proposal to upgrade and renew a major production unit in a UK oil refinery. The study is based on interviews and substantial internal documents provided by the case study managers. This represents a unique illustration as to the extent a company goes through in considering the way in which a major capital project needs to consider industrial relations issues before being considered acceptable to the Corporate-level audience and its decision-makers. In particular, the context is interesting – that of an American multinational taking up a national agreement from a process of sector-wide multi-employer bargaining.     

Labor conflicts in the Toronto construction industry, 1968–1973. A crossroads of ethnic issues,business innovations,class struggle,and union action

ABSTRACT

This article concerns a case study in labor history which represents an interesting example of union action in a workers’ community characterized by intersections between ethnic and class belonging.

The focus of the article is on labor conflicts in Toronto’s construction industry between 1968 and 1973. In that period, the Torontonian residential sector represented a sort of ethnic niche dominated by Italian immigrants, who populated this industry both as workers and as contractors. At the same time, important economic, technological, and organizational innovations formed part of this niche. In particular, it refers to the new Toronto real estate boom and to the introduction of new building techniques such as the drywall technique, or concrete forming, as well as business innovations such as the flying form or the creation of teamwork. This article tells the story of successful unionization in a peculiar industry dominated by continuous formal and informal bargaining. Moreover, the powerful presence of the phenomenon of mafiosi and widespread racism made the context still more difficult. In this situation, despite the ambiguities, the final result was the unionization of thousands of workers and the successful signing of collective contracts.     

论BOT的核心法律问题

本文认为, ＢＯＴ与项目融资的关系、特许权协议的法律性质以及政府保证的范围构成 ＢＯＴ的三大核心法律问题,并明确指出：ＢＯＴ作为一种特殊的私人直接投资,与项目融资有着本质区别,决非项目融资的一种特殊形式;作为ＢＯＴ基础协议的特许权协议,应属行政合同;而ＢＯＴ的政府保证,不仅应包括政府就有关政策、法律问题所作的承诺和担保,而且也应包括对投资回报率等商业性条件所作的保证。     

论显失公平的民事行为

不论是在《民法通则》中 ,还是在《合同法》中 ,均将显失公平规定为民事法律关系中当事人可以行使变更或撤销申请权的法定情形之一。构成显失公平民事行为的情形共有两种 :一是一方当事人利用优势 ;二是一方当事人利用对方没有经验。笔者针对这两种情况进行了分析并提出了一些看法与建议。