评析《公司法》第72条——从股东同意权、优先购买权和异议股东购买义务关系的角度

近《公司法》第72条对有限责任公司股权的对外转让做出了规定,设计了股东同意权、优先购买权和异议股东购买义务3项制度,但是这3项制度之间存在功能的重叠。比较其他国家和地区的立法,或对股权对外转让采取自由主义原则,或只规定3项制度的1种或者2种。有必要对《公司法》第72条进行修改,单独规定股东优先购买权是比较好的方案。     

任意侦查行为论

强制侦查与任意侦查是根据行为是否由相对人自愿配合为前提而对侦查行为所作的分类。任意侦查行为具有保障人权和提高侦查效率双重价值,因此受到了法治国家所普遍承认和重视。但任意侦查无需司法令状原则的约束,事前司法审查的阙如容易导致任意侦查权的滥用,因此各国对任意侦查行为进行了多方面的限制。     

简评国际法中的"强行规范"

作为20世纪60年代以后出现的新概念,强行规范具有优先于其他一切国际法规范的效力,其目的在于整合国际法的规范体系,限制国家意志。然而,由于其自身的先天缺陷,且缺乏实践的支持与充实,强行规范与传统的国际法理论产生了广泛的矛盾与冲突。步履维艰的强行规范只有在国际法的发展中才能得以升华并发挥其预期作用。     

中国行政诉讼调解制度的现状与课题

对制度的设计者来说 ,建立完备的行政纠纷解决方式的体系 ,是保障行政相对人的合法权益 ,促进行政机关依法行政的必然要求。为制度的使用者考量 ,也应建立多种纠纷解决方式 ,从而落实当事人的程序选择权。面对行政诉讼调解制度出现的困境 ,中国行政诉讼制度的重构需要解决一些重要的课题 ,如在调解中怎样实现自愿与平等协商 ,如何实现调解与审判的协调 ,如何保障当事人的反悔权利以及和解契约的拘束力问题等等     

人体实验的法律问题简

人体实验是将人运用于实验,目的是为了被实验者的治疗。人体实验一方面能够推进科学知识的进步,是全人类的福祉;但另一方面,人体实验又是一把双刃剑,用之不当,则必然会引起严重的后果。因此,从法律上对人体实验进行规制是非常有必要,也是非常迫切的。从治疗性研究、非治疗性研究、新生物技术的治疗性研究、对于特殊人群的研究这四类情况入手,对人体实验所涉及的法律问题以及道德问题逐一进行梳理,有助于对人体实验进行法律规制做理论上的铺垫。     

Harm,Consent and the Limits of Privacy

Within the context of U.K. law, the right to respect for private life, articulated in Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and acknowledged more opaquely in domestic legislation and case law, is one whose scope is unclear. Nowhere is this brought into sharper relief than in cases where conduct which manifests a person’s sexual identity, or concerns her intimate relations with others, is prima facie criminal. In this essay I attempt, through a discussion of cases in which injury is caused in the context of relationships experienced inter-subjectively as private, to explore the contexts in which the law is prepared to legitimate that inter-subjective experience, and where it is not. Using cases in which injury has been caused purposively (in S/M sex), and incidentally (through the reckless transmission of HIV during sexual intercourse), the essay argues that the law is prepared to respect the right to respect for private life only in so far as the private life concerned is one which reinforces traditional gender roles and relationship types; in short, a life that one would be prepared to live publicly.     

Unfulfilled promises of the consultation approach: the limits to effective indigenous participation in Bolivia’s and Peru’s extractive industries

Indigenous peoples’ right to prior consultation and to informed consent represents the basis of the new global model shaping state–indigenous relations. Consultation processes promise to enable indigenous people to determine their own development and are especially promoted when extraction projects with significant socio-environmental impacts are planned on indigenous lands. In this article we draw on debates on participatory development in order to analyse the first state-led consultations in Bolivia’s and Peru’s hydrocarbon sectors (2007–14). The analysis shows that effective participation has been limited by (1) an absence of indigenous ownership of the processes; (2) indigenous groups’ difficulties defending or even articulating their own visions and demands; and (3) limited or very general outcomes. The study identifies real-life challenges, such as power asymmetries, a ‘communication hurdle’ and appropriate timing – as well as simplistic assumptions underlying the consultation approach – that account for the unfulfilled promises of this new model.     

Consent in escrow

Disasters such as flash flooding, mass shootings, and train and airplane accidents involving large numbers of victims produce significant opportunity for research in the biosciences. This opportunity exists in the extreme tails of life events, however, during which decisions about life and death, valuing and foregoing, speed and patience, trust and distrust, are tested simultaneously and abundantly. The press and urgency of these scenarios may also challenge the ability of researchers to comprehensively deliver information about the purposes of a study, risks, benefits, and alternatives. Under these circumstances, we argue that acquiring consent for the immediate use of data that are not time sensitive represents a gap in the protection of human study participants. In response, we offer a two-tiered model of consent that allows for data collected in real-time to be held in escrow until the acute post-disaster window has closed. Such a model not only respects the fundamental tenet of consent in research, but also enables such research to take place in an ethically defensible manner.     

论刑法中推定的被害人承诺

推定的被害人承诺与现实的被害人承诺不同。推定的承诺包括为自己或者第三人的利益的情形;推定承诺的正当化依据是为了保护被害人的更大利益;基于尊重自己决定权的立场,推定承诺的判断依据应该采取主观说;推定承诺的成立条件要具有紧迫性、有效性、可能性。