告知后同意规则的法律构造

在具有侵袭性的医疗行为中,医师负有告知义务,以患者得以了解的语言,告知病人病情、治疗方案、各方案可能的的风险,以及不治疗的后果等。告知义务的履行应采取理性患者的标准。告知义务也有例外。医师违反告知后同意义务并非直接侵害了患者的健康权,而是侵害了患者的自我决定权或自我决定法益,它将可能进一步引起对患者健康权的侵害,造成患者人身损害。     

Extending the Reach of Human Rights to Encompass Victims of Rape: M.C. V. Bulgaria

This note analyses a recent case of the European Court of Justice in which the applicant, a 14-year old rape victim, alleged that Bulgarian criminal law violated her rights under Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights in pursuing a practice of only prosecuting rape where there was evidence of the use of physical force and active resistance. In upholding the applicant’s claims, the Court re-affirmed the positive obligation on states to adopt measures to ensure that fundamental rights under the Convention were secured. In particular, in the case of rape, this required the enactment and application of criminal laws effectively prescribing all acts of non-consensual sex and not just those involving physical violence. In this way the Court affirmed not only that rape was, in essence, a violation of personal sexual autonomy but also that legal systems which failed adequately to protect against all forms of rape risked operating in breach of Convention obligations.Application no. 39272/98, 4 December 2003.     

论同意搜查的若干问题及其在我国的建构

同意搜查是侦查机关征得被搜查人同意后进行的一种无证搜查方式,它是侦查机关在无法事先获得搜查令状时而采取的灵活侦查手段。同意搜查比有证搜查具有更大的灵活性,在英国、美国、德国及法国等普遍存在。同意搜查的理论依据、实质要件以及侦查机关与被搜查人的心理博弈等是同意搜查制度中的重要问题。我国《刑事诉讼法》明确规定了搜查制度,但立法对实践中普遍存在的同意搜查却未作任何规定,侵犯公民基本权利的现象时常发生。因此,在立法上明确规定同意搜查制度实为必要,以规制同意搜查和保护人权。     

人工生殖技术下夫妻生育权的契合与冲突

人工生殖技术远不是简单的医学问题,它的应用对人类生育方式、婚姻家庭观念、社会伦理道德、法律等都产生了深远的影响。与自然生育中的夫妻生育权相比,人工生殖技术割裂了生育与性行为、血缘的直接必然联系,夫妻生育权的问题更为复杂和棘手。因此,夫妻双方的书面同意意义重大。夫妻书面同意的,生育权处于契合状态;未有书面同意的,构成对配偶生育权的侵犯,夫妻生育处于冲突状态。     

论医疗告知义务——以经济学和法学为视角

医疗告知是医疗单位在医疗过程中的一项法定义务,是以患者知情同意权为其理论基础,是判定医疗行为是否存在过失的一项重要标准。我国目前医疗实践中医疗纠纷频发的主要原因在于我国医疗告知义务立法不完善以及学界对医疗告知义务研究甚少。文章以经济学和法学为视角,从医疗告知义务之经济学基础、医疗告知义务之法学基础、医疗告知义务之履行及其评判标准等方面,结合我国立法现状,就医疗告知义务进行了深入研究,以期为我国医疗实践和司法实践提供理论根据。     

论遗传资源获取与惠益分享中的事先知情同意制度

为了应对遗传资源利用中的"生物剽窃"现象,对遗传资源的获取与惠益分享进行有效管制,1992年《生物多样性公约》借鉴其他领域的成功经验,引入了事先知情同意的程序制度,并为各国建立国家与利益相关者的双重事先知情同意制度确立了国际法框架。事先知情同意要求遗传资源获取申请者应在其生物开发活动开展之前的合理期限内寻求相关主体的同意,在这段时间内相关主体可以根据获取申请者以合理方式提供的信息做到全面知情,并以特定格式就获取申请者的获取与惠益分享安排作出明确的、肯定的授权。     

Automated consent through privacy agents: Legal requirements and technical architecture

The changes imposed by new information technologies, especially pervasive computing and the Internet, require a deep reflection on the fundamental values underlying privacy and the best way to achieve their protection. The explicit consent of the data subject, which is a cornerstone of most data protection regulations, is a typical example of requirement which is very difficult to put into practice in the new world of “pervasive computing” where many data communications necessarily occur without the users' notice. In this paper, we argue that an architecture based on “Privacy Agents” can make privacy rights protection more effective, provided however that this architecture meets a number of legal requirements to ensure the validity of consent delivered through such Privacy Agents. We first present a legal analysis of consent considering successively (1) its nature; (2) its essential features (qualities and defects) and (3) its formal requirements. Then we draw the lessons of this legal analysis for the design of a valid architecture based on Privacy Agents. To conclude, we suggest an implementation of this architecture proposed in a multidisciplinary project involving lawyers and computer scientists.     

医疗行为中的患者承诺研究

医疗行为中的患者承诺不是一种对利益的处分与放弃,而是一种对医疗风险的分担,其体现了“被允许的危险”理论与“危险分配”的法理;患者承诺的有效要件包括认识能力与真实意思两个方面;未经患者承诺的医疗行为是专断的医疗行为,应根据医疗效果是否最终实现分别进行处理。     

被害人承诺的刑法意义

被害人的承诺有广义和狭义之分。广义的被害人承诺包括关系人的合意和被害人的同意,其中,关系人的合意是阻却构成要件该当性事由,而被害人的同意则是刑法中的正当化行为;狭义的被害人的承诺则仅指作为刑法中的正当化行为而存在的被害人的同意。由于关系人的合意中并无所谓被害人的存在,因而刑法理论中的被害人承诺,凡未作特别说明,一般专指狭义的被害人的承诺即被害人同意,而法益衡量理论,则为基于被害人承诺的行为的刑事正当性提供了有力的根据和说明。     

Decisional Capacity to Consent to Clinical Research Involving Placebo in Psychiatric Patients

Evidence from a few studies indicates the existence of several issues related to psychiatric patients' decisional capacity to give informed consent to clinical research. Clinicians often face difficulties in acquiring valid informed consent in clinical practice and even more so in drug trials. Participants often fail to fully understand or retain information regarding the actual implications of research protocols. The Brief Assessment for Consent to Clinical Research (BACO) was developed to investigate capacity to consent to clinical trials and further compare patients with schizophrenia and healthy comparisons' decisional capacity. A method to avoid possible confounding effects of choosing a treatment regarding a current disease was applied. The study groups were administered the BACO and the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research. Psychiatric patients performed poorer in comprehending, appreciating, and reasoning abilities, than their healthy counterparts. Impaired cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptoms severity were associated with reduced capacity to consent.