数据主体的“弱同意”及其规范结构

数据主体同意关乎数据保护强度与数据利用效率,对个人信息保护具有重要意义。我国《网络安全法》规定的同意原则属于强控制模式,因赋予数据主体绝对化的信息自决权而导致信息流通效率降低与数据利用价值减损。在数据控制与数据利用的张力间建立“弱同意”的概念体系与规范结构,可以通过同意体系地位的降低与规范结构的削弱,对信息自决权产生相当程度的限制,有效解决此问题。“弱同意”的规范结构为“情境合理+拟制同意=合法处理”,其中拟制同意化解了“强同意”因僵硬适用和过高标准所带来的有效性困境,情境合理测试则充分吸收了场景理念和风险认知,使同意架构从封闭走向开放,由此个人数据保护从一刀切的权利分割迈向了激励相容的合作治理。     

评析《公司法》第72条——从股东同意权、优先购买权和异议股东购买义务关系的角度

近《公司法》第72条对有限责任公司股权的对外转让做出了规定,设计了股东同意权、优先购买权和异议股东购买义务3项制度,但是这3项制度之间存在功能的重叠。比较其他国家和地区的立法,或对股权对外转让采取自由主义原则,或只规定3项制度的1种或者2种。有必要对《公司法》第72条进行修改,单独规定股东优先购买权是比较好的方案。     

人体实验的法律问题简

人体实验是将人运用于实验,目的是为了被实验者的治疗。人体实验一方面能够推进科学知识的进步,是全人类的福祉;但另一方面,人体实验又是一把双刃剑,用之不当,则必然会引起严重的后果。因此,从法律上对人体实验进行规制是非常有必要,也是非常迫切的。从治疗性研究、非治疗性研究、新生物技术的治疗性研究、对于特殊人群的研究这四类情况入手,对人体实验所涉及的法律问题以及道德问题逐一进行梳理,有助于对人体实验进行法律规制做理论上的铺垫。     

论知情同意的豁免

本文围绕医疗实务中的知情同意豁免，首先讨论了知情同意豁免规则的法律政策，详细分析了紧急情形豁免、治疗豁免、知情同意权的放弃和强制治疗这四种豁免情形，简述了医务人员在适用知情同意豁免规则时可能的法律责任。     

医疗正当行为中被允许的危险理论初探

医疗行为作为一种正当业务行为,其合法化根据应立足于被允许的危险之法理加以解释;对被允许的危险的判断,应坚持结果无价值的立场,并考虑行为无价值的因素进行综合评价;医疗行为中被允许的危险理论的适用主要体现在医疗主体、社会必要性、患者的承诺、法益衡量几个方面。     

健康医疗大数据的积极利用主义

健康医疗大数据是国家重要的基础性战略资源。为促进我国健康医疗大数据产业发展，应该明确健康医疗大数据积极利用主义规制模式，解决积极利用与知情同意原则之间的冲突。我国立法应鼓励健康医疗大数据的积极利用，通过知情同意原则的灵活运用及替代性或补充性保护机制的引入，解决健康医疗数据利用和保护之间的冲突，按照数据类型区分原则，对健康医疗大数据进行系统、适当的分类，明确原则性规定和例外情形。     

The international rule of law

ABSTRACT

The rule of law is a moral ideal that protects distinctive legal values such as generality, equality before the law, the independence of courts, and due process rights. I argue that one of the main goals of an international rule of the law is the protection of individual and state autonomy from the arbitrary interference of international institutions, and that the best way to codify this protection is through constitutional rules restraining the reach of international law into the internal affairs of a state. State autonomy does not have any intrinsic value or moral status of its own. Its value is derivative, resulting from the role it plays as the most efficient means of protecting autonomy for individuals and groups. Therefore, the goal of protecting state autonomy form the encroachment of international law will have to be constrained by, and balanced against the more fundamental goal of an international rule of law, the protection of the autonomy of individual persons, best realized through the entrenchment of basic human rights.     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Hodges, Multi-Party Actions
Katz et al., Cross Currents: Family Law and Policy in the US and England
Paulus, Die internationale Gemeinschaft in Völkerrecht
Norrie, Punishment, Responsibility, and Justice: A Relational Critique
Bell, Peace Agreements and Human Rights
Powell, Sir James Whitelock's Liber Famerlicus 1570–1632: Law and Politics in Early Stuart England
Clam, Droit et société chez Niklas Luhmann. La contingence des normes     

Negotiating Umbrella Agreements

Experienced negotiators know that it is often impossible to define all terms of a complex agreement. By negotiating umbrella agreements, the negotiating parties try to balance the need for certainty and calculability of give-and-take processes with the need to remain sufficiently flexible to embrace new or emerging business opportunities. Umbrella agreements describe a joint consent that explicitly articulates a framework of rules and principles that guides future agreements. It is argued that negotiators are better able to maximize their joint gains if they differentiate between agreements and the framework in which agreements are made.