“属地原则”与“正当程序”的整合

在美国民事诉讼中,地域管辖规则要求初审法院必须对当事人享有属地上的管辖权,联邦宪法要求初审法院对当事人的这种管辖权必须符合其第十四条修正案中规定的正当程序的要求。在将这两种原则性的管辖规则整合适用方面,美国联邦最高法院作出了若干相关判例。这些判例中的一些思想对于我国地域管辖的完善是有借鉴意义的。     

Science wars—How much risk should soldiers be exposed to in military experimentation?

With the threat of biological war becoming a more and more distinct possibility, there is a growing need for vaccines and cures for diseases. As warfare moves from the battlefield to the laboratory, the military must adapt its tactics in order to preserve national security. At the moment, soldiers consent to the risk associated with combat, but with the changing nature of war, the need may arise for soldiers to put themselves at risk not only through combat, but also through scientific experimentation, in order to produce vaccines or cures and ultimately maintain national security. By allowing soldiers to trade risk on the battlefield with risk in the laboratory, deeper research can be made into diseases and biological agents, and this would therefore lessen the threat of biological war or terrorism.     

拐卖妇女儿童罪的几个问题

拐卖妇女、儿童罪是一种严重的危害社会的犯罪,其保护客体是被拐取人的人身自由和本来的生活场所的安全。构成本罪,被害妇女的同意可以阻却违法,但儿童的同意则不能阻却违法。构成本罪也不要求有场所的转移。本罪是典型的目的犯,构成犯罪既遂时,并不要求实现特定目的。本罪是继续犯,在犯罪行为的继续中,有成立共犯的余地。从犯罪本质上讲,绑架罪、拐骗儿童罪与本罪的罪质都是一样的,三者构成了对人身自由和本来的生活场所安全法益的完整的保护体系。     

Privacy notices versus informational self-determination: Minding the gap

Privacy notices are instruments that intend to inform individuals of the processing of their personal data, their rights as data subjects, as well as any other information required by data protection or privacy laws. The goal of this paper is to clarify the current discourse regarding the (in)utility of privacy notices, particularly in the context of online transactions. The perspective is a European one, meaning that the analysis shall be geared towards the European Data protection framework, particularly the European Data Protection Directive. The paper discusses the role that privacy notices play under the European data protection framework today, summarizes the main critiques regarding the use of privacy notices in practice and develops a number of recommendations.     

“无意入镜者”个人信息权益的保护——以公共场所的个人信息权益为视角

随着科技的发展,公民更加频繁地用镜头记录其日常生活。在公共场所,拍摄者有可能也将他人摄入镜头之中,构成了"无意入镜者"的情形。我国《民法典》与《个人信息保护法》并未将"无意入镜者"在公共场所中的个人信息权益与非公共场所的个人信息权益进行区分对待,无论个人信息是否属于私密,都可以得到保护。在"无意入镜者"个人信息权益与拍摄者权益平衡的问题上,应对我国《民法典》与《个人信息保护法》确立的关于个人信息保护的告知同意规则进一步做出解释。公共场所本身的属性,意味着"无意入镜者"存在自行公开个人信息的可能。对于被认定为自行公开的个人信息,拍摄者无需再取得"无意入镜者"的同意。除此之外,在公共场所中,履行告知同意义务既应当像服务提供商或者公权力机构采集民事主体个人信息一样严苛,同时可以适用默示同意的推定行为的空间而无需取得"无意入镜者"的明示同意。     

“积极同意”的是与非--关于美国性侵认定标准争议的一个综述

积极同意是判断性侵的一个标准,强调沉默和缺乏抵抗不能被视作对性行为的同意,只有口头上或者行为上表达的同意才构成有效的同意,而未经同意的性行为、性接触即构成强奸或者其他性侵犯。这个标准在美国的刑事法领域并没有获得广泛接受,却在教育法领域被大多数大学作为判断性侵的标准。支持者认为这种标准最大限度地维护了女性的性自主权,彻底抛弃了性侵判断标准中的暴力和反抗要件。反对者或者认为"同意"概念本身就是有问题的,或者认为积极同意标准固化了男性担负责任、女性无助被动的刻板印象。不同女权主义流派对积极同意表达了多元丰富的观点,深化了对这一问题的认识。     

The proposed data protection Regulation replacing Directive 95/46/EC: A sound system for the protection of individuals

The recent release by the European Commission of the first drafts for the amendment of the EU data protection regulatory framework is the culmination of a consulting and preparation process that lasted more than two years. At the same time, it opens up a law-making process that is intended to take at least as much time. The Commission has undertaken the herculean task to amend the whole EU data protection edifice, through the introduction of a General Data Protection Regulation, intended to replace the EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, and a Police and Criminal Justice Data Protection Directive, intended to replace the Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA. This paper shall focus at the replacement of the EU Data Protection Directive by the draft General Data Protection Regulation. Due to the fact that the draft Regulation is a long (and ambitious) text, a selection has been made, with the aim of highlighting its treatment of basic data protection principles and elements, in order to identify merits and shortcomings for the general data protection purposes.     

受害人同意之效力基础的探讨

侵权行为法和刑事犯罪研究要求对受害人同意的效力基础做出回答。系统探讨了受害人同意的法律判断,并对其本质进行了考研。在对国内外关于受害人同意阻却违法性的学说进行深入分析探讨的基础上,提出"利益扬弃"之新观点作为受害人同意的效力基础,并对该观点进行相关论证和说明。