Weight of authorship evidence with multiple categories of stylometric features: A multinomial-based discrete model

This study empirically demonstrates the efficacy of a two-level Dirichlet-multinomial statistical model (the Multinomial system) for computing likelihood ratios (LR) for linguistic, textual evidence with multiple stylometric feature types with discrete values. The LRs are calculated separately for each feature type, namely, word, character and part of speech N-grams (N = 1,2,3), which are combined as overall LRs through logistic regression fusion. The Multinomial system’s performance is compared with that of a previously proposed system with the cosine distance (the Cosine system) using the same data (i.e., documents collated from 2160 authors). The experimental results show that: (1) the Multinomial system outperforms the Cosine system with the fused feature types by a log-LR cost of ca. 0.01 ～ 0.05 bits; and (2) the Multinomial system is more advantageous in performance with longer documents than the Cosine system. Although the Cosine system is more robust overall against the sampling variability arising from the number of authors included in the reference and calibration databases, the Multinomial system can achieve reasonable stability in performance; for example, the standard deviation value of the log-LR cost becomes lower than 0.01 (10 random samplings of authors for the reference and calibration databases) with 60 or more authors in each database.     

国家赔偿费用支付方式存在的问题及解决办法

我国现行国家赔偿法对国家赔偿费用支付方式的规定,在落实中存在若干问题。建议从以下几个方面对其予以完善：一是建立统一的国家赔偿基金;二是由申请人直接向国家赔偿基金管理部门申请赔偿;三是建立公正合理的国家赔偿评估机制;四是限制国家赔偿基金管理部门的审查权。     

成本收益理论：腐败与反腐败的机理

腐败者在进行腐败前大都要对自己的行为所可能带来的收益与可能带来的损失进行比较和衡量,即考虑通过腐败究竟能取得什么样的收益和付出什么样的代价？这就是收益与成本的关系。对于每一个“理性的经济人”来说,只有当腐败收益大于腐败成本时,权力拥有者才会铤而走险并运用其手中的权力实施腐败行为;反腐败同样存在成本与效益的问题。腐败的成本收益和反腐败的成本收益,两者有所区别同时也相互依存,腐败者的收益往往包含于反腐败所能得到的收益中,而反腐败成本的提高往往为了提高腐败者的成本。因此想有效的控制或遏制腐败,就应当从提升腐败成本和降低腐败收益,甚至从减少反腐败成本等方面进行全方位的制度性建设。     

捍卫的代价——臧克家与当代文学权威话语

“第一次文代会”不容置疑地确立了毛泽东文学思想在新中国文学中的权威地位,并让入明显感受到解放区的文学权威话语对来自国统区作家的压力。正是这一历史背景,促使“出身”于国统区的臧克家选择了积极认同根据权威文学话语建构的当代文学规范,以马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想的阶级论,历史唯物主义、辩证法、革命功利主义美学的观念,重绘了中国新诗史的政治地图,加入了崇奉文化领导权的行列。感恩心理是他笃信革命伦理,坚决捍卫革命文学规范的动力源之一。     

纠纷成本与诉讼效益分析

本文试图用经济学的基本理论和方法对纠纷的成本与诉讼效益做一分析。纠纷妨碍了交易和效益 ,增加了成本。在诉讼中和通过诉讼 ,做到尽量避免纠纷对收益的不利影响 ,努力减少纠纷成本 ,并影响和减少纠纷的数量 ,这就是诉讼之效益。     

关于公安院校教育成本问题的探讨

在我国经济高速发展的今天,高等教育作为国家的一种投资,相关各方都迫切需要进行成本核算。但是我国的公安院校还是执行事业单位的会计核算制度、接受财政的预算管理,在观念上、会计理论上、会计制度和会计核算上,都存在一定的问题,需要在观念的转变上、会计理论上、会计制度和会计核算上以及过渡期配套工作上突破原来的管理瓶颈,以期实现我国公安院校健康有序的发展。     

Does an effective bankruptcy reform impact the selling cost behavior of firms? Evidence from India

This study examined whether strengthening of creditors' rights impacts the selling cost behavior of firms or not? To investigate this question, the author exploited implementation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in 2016 in India as an exogenous policy shock. The author found that selling cost of firms in India in the pre-implementation period were not “sticky”. Further, implementation of the IBC produced no impact on the selling cost behavior of Indian firms in the post-implementation period. Nonetheless, legislation of the IBC was found to have lowered financial resources that firms devoted to their selling activities. In addition, firms that faced a higher risk of bankruptcy because of more leverage in the pre-IBC period demonstrated greater response to promulgation of the IBC. Thus, it can be inferred that an effective bankruptcy reform has little impact on the selling cost behavior of firms but incentivizes them to devote lesser financial resources to their selling activities in order to lower their bankruptcy risk.     

Does political connection influence corporate financial decisions in unstable political environment?

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of political connection on the cost of debt, the cost of equity and the investment level in an unstable political environment. We use a sample of 55 Tunisian listed firms during the post-revolution period (2011–2018) and we apply a generalized least square (GLS) approach to test our hypotheses. Findings highlight that political connections increase the corporate financial costs and reduce the investment level. Furthermore, in an additional analysis, we show on the one hand that political instability negatively affects the investment and affects positively the cost of debt and the cost of equity. On the other hand, we make evidence that the political instability level negatively affects the relation between the political connection and the cost of debt. The contribution is, to the best of our knowledge, the absence of studies conducted in Tunisia countries examining the impact of political connection on the financial cost and investment level in an unstable political environment such as Tunisia.     

石油企业作业成本管理探讨

随着全球经济的发展和国际原油价格的起伏,石油企业对原油的开采成本也越来越重视,全方位降低成本,提高经济效益,已成为各大石油石化公司孜孜以求的目标。从我国石油勘探开发企业成本管理现状出发,深入剖析了成本管理中存在的不足,将作业成本管理的思路贯彻落实到成本管理的全过程。通过实施作业成本管理,大力推行低成本战略和持续性高经济效益的目标,从而确保企业的可持续发展。     

政府成本的经济学释义

政府成本首先是一个政治问题,但同时也是一个经济问题。从经济学视角界定,政府成本是政府为实现公共利益而行使职能时所产生的社会物质资源的耗费。理解经济学意义上的政府成本的关键是运用机会成本思想。