诉前自行鉴定行为的法律分析——从建设工程合同欠款纠纷中一方当事人诉前自行委托审计谈起

近年来,在建筑行业的工程建设合同欠款纠纷层出不断.在此类案件中,一方当事人自行委托造价咨询单位对工程竣工结算进行审计的情况时有发生,对于这种诉前自行委托而产生的审计报告在诉讼或仲裁过程中应当如何对待,一直是实务界争议不断的问题.本文从一方当事人诉前自行委托工程造价单位进行审计这一行为的定性入手,进而分析了诉前自行鉴定的结论在诉讼中的法律地位,并对仲裁程序中出现的有关问题进行了讨论.     

The duty of the state to eradicate the legacy of apartheid in South Africa versus resistance to change： Critical analysis of the Chairperson＇s Association Case

South Africa was colonized by European powers from as early as the seventeenth century and all aspects of the indigenous population were transformed, alternatively, subjected to the norms of life of the colonial powers. This led to the erosion of African names and the replacement therefore by colonial names. The South African Geographical Names Council Act is intended to address this legacy.     

加强公安高等教育中批判性思维能力的培养

全球知识经济的残酷竞争令每一位从教者充分意识到培养学生批判性思维技能的重要性、艰巨性和紧迫性。批判性思维，作为一种哲学理念早在柏拉图时代就已孕育产生；作为一种教育理念，是20世纪70年代北美“新浪潮”的产物。文章从不同视角来探讨批判性思维的深刻内涵、基本特征和思维模型，并阐述了在公安高等教育中批判性思维能力的培养方略，目的是为了推动我国公安教育理念和全球教育理念的融合。     

Profiling the scent of weathered training aids for blood-detection dogs

At outdoor crime scenes, cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs may be tasked with locating blood that is days, weeks or months old. Although it is known that the odour profile of blood will change during this time, it is currently unknown how the profile changes when exposed to the environment. Such variables must be studied in order to understand when the odour profile is no longer detectable by the scent-detection dogs and other crime scene tools should be implemented. In this study, blood was deposited onto concrete and varnished wood surfaces and weathered in an outdoor environment over a three-month period. Headspace samples were collected using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOFMS). The chemical odour profiles were compared with the behavioural responses of cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs during training. Data interpretation using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) established that the blood odour could no longer be detected using SPME–GC×GC–TOFMS after two months of weathering on both surfaces. Conversely, the blood-detection dogs had difficulty locating the blood samples after one month of weathering on concrete and after one week of weathering on varnished wood. The scent-detection dogs evaluated herein had not been previously exposed to environmentally weathered blood samples during training. Given that this study was conducted to test the dogs' baseline abilities, it is expected that with repeated exposure, the dogs' capabilities would likely improve. The knowledge gained from this study can assist in providing law enforcement with more accurate training aids for blood-detection dogs and can improve their efficiency when deployed to outdoor crime scenes.     

The Revised German Raw Materials Strategy in the Light of Global Political and Market Developments

Raw material markets have proven to be challenging in recent years. The so‐called critical raw materials (CRMs), which are required for green technology, have particularly high environmental and supply risks. The revised German raw materials strategy attempts to address challenges of production and supply of CRMs and other mineral‐based raw materials. This contribution analyzes the motivation, measures, goals, and challenges of the German raw materials strategy in the light of global economic and political developments, applying the qualitative method GABEK®. Results show that the revised strategy is more ambitious and reaches farther than the initial strategy of 2010. Challenges that remain include the lack of willingness of the German industry to engage in mine production and the more pro‐active political approaches demonstrated elsewhere. As all major economic powerhouses outside of Europe pursue a hands‐on approach, it remains questionable if the revised German raw materials strategy will fundamentally be able to sustainably secure raw material supply for the German industry.     

"真"的含义和语境--兼论实践批判理论的本体论特点

真善美的真实含义、演绎过程和历史语境,在中西方思想中有着明显区别.马克思主义的实践批判理论是构成当代中国语境中的真善美及其统一形式的根据.实践批判意义上的真善美与中国传统文化的历史发展基本趋向相一致,是一种体现人类生存真实意义的实践过程.     

马克思社会发展理论的方法论探究

马克思社会发展理论的方法论是研究马克思社会发展理论的前提和基础。总体来说,马克思社会发展理论主要运用了唯物分析的方法、辩证分析的方法、批判分析的方法。具体来说这些方法论包括:社会存在论、实践论、人的主体论、矛盾分析法、系统分析法、一般与个别相统一分析法。研究马克思社会发展理论的方法论一方面可以更好地研究马克思社会发展理论,另一方面,也是更为关键的,是将这些方法论运用到我国当前社会发展的实践中。     

Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that when schools suspend students, the suspension acts not as a deterrent but as an amplifier of future punishment. Labeling theory has emerged as the predominant explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting that the symbolic label conferred along with a suspension shapes how other people perceive and respond to labeled students. Few studies, however, have attended to racial/ethnic differences in this process even though critical race theory suggests the consequences of suspension likely differ across racial/ethnic groups due to prevailing racial/ethnic stereotypes. This study uses six waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (N = 8,634) to examine how the relationship between suspension and subsequent arrest differs for White, Black, and Hispanic students. Using a series of within-person analyses that control for time-stable personal characteristics, this study finds that suspension amplifies Black and Hispanic students’ risk of arrest relative to that of White students. White students’ risk of arrest was not amplified by suspension and, in some models, was diminished. This study's findings underscore the importance of understanding the labeling process as different by race/ethnicity and indicate that suspension is particularly harmful for Black and Hispanic relative to White students.     

Securitisation of research: fieldwork under new restrictions in Darfur and Mali

Knowledge on conflict-affected areas is becoming increasingly important for scholarship and policy. This article identifies a recent change in knowledge production regarding 'zones of danger', attributing it not only to the external environment, but also to an on-going process of securitisation of research resulting from institutional and disciplinary practices. Research is increasingly framed by security concerns and is becoming a security concern in itself, although the implications are not readily acknowledged. To illustrate these developments, we draw on fieldwork in Mali and Darfur.