A clandestine burial in Costa Rica: prospection and excavation

Abstract:  This case report describes the search for a clandestine grave in Costa Rica for which the police sought the assistance of an archaeologist. An anonymous informant suggested that the victim had been kidnapped and murdered, placed in a shallow grave in the woods, then covered with lime and cement. A search of the area to detect conventional signs of burial (e.g., slumping, different plant growth) resulted in excavation of unrelated features of past disturbance. Different aspects of the grave including the deposition of cement powder over the body prevented its initial discovery. Improvisation of conventional archaeological excavation methods and use of police familiar with archaeological excavation resulted in the location of the grave and exhumation of the victim without loss of important contextual evidence that supported testimony on the cause of death. The taphonomic effects of high-lying ground water and lime in the tropical burial environment are briefly discussed. Recommendations such as the construction of a temporary sump to lower the ground water level in the grave during excavation are made to assist in similar investigations in the future.     

Volatile Organic Compounds,Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

Ammonium nitrate fuel oil is an explosive mixture found in most antipersonnel landmines (APL) buried throughout the Colombian territory. During more than 50 years of internal conflict, the Colombian government has found that trained dogs are the most effective method to detect APL. However, the olfactive signature in ANFO is unknown and also if there are differences in detection related to the explosive manufacturing origin. Therefore, this work begins with the analytical validation of the method used to determine ammonia, in its derivatized form as carbamate, released by home-made ANFO using HS-SPME-GC-FID. Once validated, the method was used to identify ammonia and other organic volatile compounds present in ANFO, under laboratory and simulated field conditions. The validation process includes the evaluation of the optimum conditions for the derivation and extraction of butylcarbamate, the determination of the working ranges with linear response in FID, the limits of detection and quantification, the sensitivity, and the precision. The results of the validation established linearity and sensitivity in a concentration between 20 and 120 mg/L, as well as low limits of detection and quantification of 6.4 and 21.4 mg/L, respectively. Also, an intermediate precision of 11% for butylcarbamate with a repeatability of 8%. The validated method showed in real samples of home-made ANFO besides ammonia, the presence of low molecular methylamines, and also exhibited differences in volatile compositions according to the origin. The objective of this work is to offer a reliable analytical methodology for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds from ANFO.     

IgE死后生化学检测的研究现状及应用展望

过敏性休克导致死亡的案例在法医学实践中常有发生,然而由于缺少特异的病理形态学指征,导致过敏性休克死亡的法医学鉴定面临一定的困难。IgE作为介导I型超敏反应的关键介质,其死后生化学检测对过敏性休克死亡案例的法医学鉴定具有辅助作用。但在实际应用中,血液等检材常受溶血等死后变化因素影响,尤其我国尸体保存以冷冻为主,溶血程度更加严重,对IgE等生化学指标的检测造成极大干扰。本文就目前IgE死后生化学检测的研究现状、生物学检材的选取及检测方法进行综述,并对现实应用中所面临的问题进行探讨。     

Stage model for female criminals: business school students’ perceptions of white-collar offenders

We know that half of the population in Norway is female, and we know that females represent 6% of the white-collar crime prison population. In the stage model overview, we derive percentages from the literature into the gender model to explain stepwise reduction from 50% to 6%. In our empirical research, we asked two groups of business school students to come up with their own estimates for the stages in the model for female criminals. While estimates from executive students resulted in 3% women in prison, bachelor students’ estimates resulted in 10% women in prison. The most obvious discrepancy between the research literature and our two survey groups is related to relative convictions. Based on the literature, we suggested that female defendants receive more serious convictions because they may perceive and feel more guilt for a crime, for example in terms of regret, shame and depression. Thus women may have a tendency to confess more easily. Both executive students and bachelor students disagree with this estimate of 140%, as they suggest 62% and 69% respectively. One reason for their suggestion of less serious convictions for female white-collar criminals – sometimes labelled pink-collar criminals – might be that family situation and other elements are taken into account before a verdict is passed on a woman. Another substantial discrepancy is related to detection risk. The literature suggests a low detection risk for women, but may be not as low as we estimated at 30%. Both executive and bachelor students believe that the gender difference in detection likelihood is not that formidable, as they suggest 75% and 65% respectively.     

论闭路电视监控系统信息资料在侦查中的运用

近年来,随着我国经济的飞速发展以及人民群众防范意识的不断提高,闭路电视监控系统越来越普及,并得到了广泛运用。为了使闭路电视监控系统信息资料能够更好地运用到侦查破案中去,文章从闭路电视监控系统信息资料概述、信息资料在侦查破案中的运用、如何提高信息资料的使用效率以及使用中应注意的问题四个方面进行了论述,并提出了运用闭路电视监控系统信息资料的新理念、新方法。     

病毒性出血败血症病毒实时荧光RT-RPA恒温检测方法的建立

为建立一种简单、快速的病毒性出血败血症病毒(VHSV)检测方法,本研究通过比较分析VHSV N基因的保守序列,设计了多对引物和一条探针。经过筛选优化,建立了实时荧光RT-RPA检测方法。该方法在39℃恒温反应20 min即可快速、特异性地检测出VHSV,与其他水生动物病毒不发生交叉反应,该方法检测限为1.83×10^3PFU/mL,利用本研究方法对30份鲑鳟鱼临床样品以及9份鱼类疫病病原样品进行检测,检测结果与荧光定量PCR方法结果一致。上述结果表明,本研究建立的检测方法操作简单,反应灵敏,结果可靠,仪器依赖性低,适用于现场对VHSV快速检测。     

论《刑事侦查》课堂教学实践观

实践的核心就是发挥个体的主观能动性 ,主动去认识世界和改造世界。这是对课堂教学观进行实践构造的基础。树立以学生为中心的教育主体观 ,并以此为基础来确定实践性教学原则。课堂教学要从传统的只重视认知性学习转变到以培养学生的创新精神和实践能力为重点的目标上来 ,教学内容的变革要从重视学科体系为主的书本知识转到对学生的全面影响上来 ,教学模式要从传统的单一讲授向多元化转变 ,教学手段要从传统的权威控制转变到以教学目标为导向上来     

冠状病毒感染性疾病尸体检验相关病原学检测回顾与展望

冠状病毒曾经给世界带来两次严重的人类间大流行,包括严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute re?spiratory syndrome,SARS)和中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome,MERS),2019年岁末新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2...     

小议侦查程序中的人权保障

侦查程序是刑事诉讼中非常重要的一个环节,然而,由于长期以来侦查机构权力过大,得不到有效制约,而屡屡发生侵犯公民权利的事件。为此,我们应当构建一种能够有效制约侦查权力的司法机制,以实现侦查程序中的人权保障。     

耐氟喹诺酮类药物大肠埃希氏菌基因突变的MAMA-PCR检测

采用MAMA-PCR法对72株已知突变菌株的突变情况进行了检测。结果,有2种gyrA 83位突变:TCG→TTG和TCG缺失;4种gyrA 87位突变:GAC→AAC、GAC→GGC、GAC→TAC和GAC→CAC;1种parC 80位突变:AGC→ATC以及4种parC 84位突变:GAA→AAA、GAA→GCA、GAA→GGA和GAA→GTA。采用同样的方法,对38株未知突变菌株的检测结果显示,gyrA 83、gyrA 87、parC 80和parC 84位的突变检出的正确率分别为97．4％、94．7％、81．6%和94．7％。结果表明,MAMA-PCR有望成为监测耐氟喹诺酮类药物大肠埃希氏菌的分子生物学常规方法。