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991.
Żaneta Zemła-Pacud Gabriela Lenarczyk 《The Journal of World Intellectual Property》2023,26(3):458-476
Regulatory data protection is mandated in the Agreement on the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) for two kinds of goods: medicinal products and plant protection products (PPP). In the European Union (EU), the level of their protection has been set far beyond the minimum TRIPS standards and the adopted model of protection has been, for the most part, based on temporary exclusivity. Innovative plant protection products benefit from data exclusivity combined with a compulsory data sharing regime. Data exclusivity refers to products being authorised for the first time for the market of the EU on the grounds of a complete authorisation procedure, based on submission of a full data dossier. Within the period of exclusivity, these data may not be referred to in the authorisation procedure of a generic product—an equivalent to the reference one. In this way, data exclusivity creates a period of factual monopoly for the innovative products and constitutes a sui generis intellectual property right. This paper presents the regime of regulatory data protection in the European Union law as an instrument of legal protection for innovative products in the agrochemical industry. It first analyzes the purpose and functions of regulatory data protection in EU law and in the TRIPS Agreement. Then, the rules of protection by means of data exclusivity and compulsory data sharing are examined. This allows for further considerations on the role of regulatory data protection and compulsory sharing of data in the overall legal protection for innovative products in the agrochemical industry. In view of the above, this chapter discusses both the instruments of protection for PPP regulatory data and poses several questions concerning their rules, practical meaning and possible future modifications. In particular, it is considered whether data exclusivity is the optimal regime of protection for registration data and recommend that a data sharing approach could be used instead of the data exclusivity rule, as is the case with compulsory vertebrate data sharing, to the benefit of the industry and public interest. This chapter allows for evaluation and assessment of the economic and social value of data exclusivity in said areas for fostering primary and secondary innovation, while acknowledging other vital interests such as protection of public interest and safeguarding competition in the relevant markets. Finally, this chapter maps challenges of the current model of protection and indicates areas for further consideration in both creating a coherent and balanced framework of PPP data protection and the possible extrapolation of the data sharing rules to systems of data protection for other life science products. 相似文献
992.
Alexander Schilin 《Journal of common market studies》2024,62(1):108-126
Reflections on the sovereign debt crisis often portray the Eurogroup and the Eurogroup Working Group (EWG) as inaccessible for euro area outsiders. Yet, common wisdom suggests that Council representatives can circumvent exclusion due to differentiated integration (DI) by complying with insider norms. This article studies whether and how compliance with procedural norms socialised amongst representatives from euro area member states (EAMS) determined patterns of non-EAMS involvement in Eurogroup and EWG interaction during the sovereign debt crisis. The argument highlights the role of deliberation and consensus-building norms, suggesting that they gained particular robustness amongst EAMS representatives. Those non-EAMS representatives who consistently complied with these insider norms could secure involvement in intergovernmental debates amongst EAMS. Exclusion was mostly relevant to norm violators. This article sheds light on the institutional consequences of DI in Economic and Monetary Union, highlighting its structural effects on governance and decision-making processes during the sovereign debt crisis. 相似文献
993.
《Journal of common market studies》2017,55(6):1322-1342
This paper studies the impact of wage growth divergence on business cycle co‐movement in the context of currency unions. While the theoretical literature on optimum currency areas highlights the equilibrating effect of divergent wage growth after asymmetric exogenous demand shocks via the external demand channel, recent literature on euro area imbalances emphasizes its dis‐equilibrating effect as a source of asymmetric domestic demand shocks, and therefore suggests a negative link to business cycle co‐movement. Our empirical results reveal that the latter effect has been clearly dominating in the euro area: Wage growth differentials across countries – while of minor importance for non‐euro area EU countries with sovereign currencies – significantly reduce business cycle co‐movement within the monetary union and thus increase the cost of the common monetary policy. The large magnitude of the effect calls for enhanced co‐ordination efforts of wage policies in the euro area. 相似文献
994.
In the aftermath of the British referendum to leave the European Union and the European Commission's ‘White Paper on the Future of Europe’, it is not only time to take stock of the existing literature on differentiated integration, but also to rethink the perimeters of disintegration. We argue that phenomena such as Brexit embrace forms of differentiation which trigger the need for conceptualizing differentiated disintegration altogether. This article first sketches the path of the scholarly debate in a chronological way to grasp the breadth of existing literature. Second, it discusses differentiated disintegration as a potentially new area for research. Mapping several scenarios for future research, we propose that differentiated (dis)integration needs to be conceived as a negotiated, but profoundly path‐dependent process, which is structurally locked‐in, and deeply conditioned by pre‐existing organizations and institutions of European integration. 相似文献
995.
《科技与法律》2025
随着全球化和信息技术的迅速发展,知识产权已成为推动经济增长的关键因素之一,而知识产权制度建设则成为衡量一个国家营商环境优劣的重要标准.文章旨在探讨我国知识产权制度建设的现状、面临的挑战以及与营商环境的关系,进而提出相应的对策建议.研究发现,我国知识产权法律体系逐步完善,司法和行政保护力度不断加强,但仍面临侵权易发、维权难和国际合作不足等挑战.这些问题不仅损害了创新主体的合法权益,也影响了市场的公平竞争和商业环境水平.为此,文章建议加强知识产权法律体系的完善,提升知识产权服务与支持能力,加大国际合作与交流,以及加快复合型人才培养等对策,以期为我国知识产权制度建设和营商环境优化提供理论参考,促进我国经济的高质量发展,提升国家在全球经济中的竞争力. 相似文献
996.
在扎实推动全体人民共同富裕的新阶段,我国行业协会商会应当重新定位自身功能。已有研究认为,不同场景下的行业协会商会功能分别受到会员逻辑、影响逻辑、公共逻辑的型塑,但少有文献探讨上述三种不同逻辑融合如何影响行业协会商会的常态化功能发挥。文章构建了“行业协会商会在会员逻辑、影响逻辑与公共逻辑融合驱动下推动共同富裕”的分析框架。基于案例研究发现,我国行业协会商会通过组织联盟与数字化改革等方式促进会员逻辑、影响逻辑与公共逻辑的融合：坚持以会员逻辑为基础核心,激发各类会员的活力和能力,推动经济高质量发展;以公共逻辑为价值主导,追求社会公共利益,提升基层社会治理能力;以影响逻辑为有力支撑,提升政府治理效能,支持高质量经济发展与高水平社会治理,进而推动共同富裕的实质性进展。行业协会商会推动共同富裕实践有利于形成共同富裕社会格局、优化共同富裕治理体系。 相似文献
997.
“亲”“清”是新型政商关系的核心内容,而政商关系是推动国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的基础性、关键性环节,因此对新型政商关系的测度具有重要意义。文章以浙江省11个地市为样本,从“亲”“清”两个维度出发,构建了包含服务力、支持力、企业活跃度、亲近感知度、政府廉洁度、政府透明度及廉洁感知度7个方面的新型政商关系“亲清指数”测度体系,运用功效系数法对浙江11个地市2018年政商关系构建水平进行测量。测度结果表明,浙江省11个地市新型政商关系构建总体情况较好,但呈现出地市区分度较强、差异性较为明显的特征,据此从提升政府对企业的服务力、支持力,打造廉洁政府、透明政府等方面提出相应对策建议。 相似文献
998.
BAO Fuhua 《浙江省政法管理干部学院学报》2017,31(2):90-99
This paper studies the spatial distribution features of FDI and Inbound Business Tourism (IBT) in China, as well as the relationship between them using the spatial autocorrelation model and spatial panel econometric model. The research shows that FDI and IBT are consistent in spatial distribution which is in the core-edge mode. Both of FDI and IBT show a positive spatial correlation. LISA charts shows that the two are in the two element distribution structure,forming a “club” gathering model and presents the phenomenon of “inside” convergence. The spatial econometric model estimation shows that the development of IBT in adjacent areas has a strong spillover effect and FDI has positive effect on IBT. IBT grows by 0.3855% with every 1% growth in FDI. The comparative analysis of the three regions shows that the effects of FDI on IBT and geographical spillover effects of IBT are as follows: East＞ Middle＞ West. 相似文献
999.
LI Jian 《浙江省政法管理干部学院学报》2017,31(5):126-133
Modularization is the process of dividing the system into certain modules from top to bottom for solving complex problems, and it provides a new insight into the redesign of governance mechanism for complex social systems. Taking Hangzhou social multiple agents as a case study, this paper discussed the construction and operation mechanism of the modularized social governance system. The study found that the construction of modularized social governance system included four basic stages: inter-organizational value identity, community governance construction, module definition and the streamline of the procedure. The operation mechanism of modularized social governance system is composed of a pyramid model, information assimilation model and information dissimilation model. Multiple social bodies make up a network community under the framework of top-level design, can realize \"differences\" and \"similarities\" in a variety of module units and enhance the governance capacity of the whole system. 相似文献
1000.
日本新防卫战略把日本的防卫力量从传统的海陆空领域扩展至多维度的太空、网络以及电磁波等新领域,重视各领域之间的彼此融合防卫。作为一个综合性防卫战略,它强调从平时到\"有事\"各阶段之间、自主防卫与日美同盟及多层次安保合作之间、\"前方战场\"和\"后方体制\"之间的综合防卫。为实现\"跨领域作战\",日本提出了优先项目和强化重点,侧重在太空、网络、电磁波等新领域内获得并强化相关防卫能力。同时日本也加强提升传统领域内的海空能力、导弹防御及防区外打击能力,并对自卫队的体制进行相应调整。新防卫战略与\"印太构想\"融合,进一步深化了日本立体跨域防卫体系。日本\"多维度联合防卫力量\"新战略具有深刻的竞争时代背景,为配合美国军事战略调整并强化日美同盟、对竞争时代安全情势的判断与主动应对、积极加入全球军事变革下新领域内的激烈竞争、更好地应对岛屿争端及加强海洋防卫等现实问题,这是日本谋求构建新防卫战略的深刻动因。该日本新防卫战略产生的影响包括:日本的防卫自主或更难实现、进一步改变战后日本的安全战略基点、在新安全领域引发竞争及不利于构建良好的中日建设性安全关系等。对此,中国需进一步增强本国综合性实力,积极推动日本对华安全释疑,扩大中日防卫交流与安全对话,增进两国的安全互信。 相似文献