On terror, drugs and racial profiling

We show that for racial profiling (defined as policy rules that employ statistical discrimination based on racial attributes) to be efficient in fighting ordinary crime, it needs to focus on the racial composition of marginal offenders. Efficiency thus may counter-intuitively call for targeting the group with the lower offending rates. In the context of terror, however, it has to be based primarily on differences in offending rates across racial population groups (group-wise averages). We demonstrate that, assuming correlation between race and crime, racial profiling would nearly always be efficient. Finally, we discuss equity considerations and suggest that if awarding compensation is perceived to be a viable policy option, it should be paid on an ex ante basis.     

数据驱动学习在促进同义词辨析能力中的效度研究

词汇习得既是二语习得的关键点又是难点所在,特别是同义词的习得,更是词汇深度发展过程中的＂瓶颈＂。通过实证研究,语料库为基础的数据驱动学习在同义词辨析教学中有较为显著的优势且有助于目标长时记忆的形成,能有效提高学生同义词的语感,增强辨析能力。     

吉林省城镇劳动力市场中的性别工资差异

针对吉林省城镇劳动力市场中男性和女性劳动力的行业分布和工资水平差异,应用微观经济计量方法对性别工资差异进行分解分析的研究结果表明,吉林省城镇劳动力市场中存在着明显的性别工资差异,行业内部性别工资歧视是造成性别工资差异的主要原因,而性别行业分割是造成性别工资差异的次要原因。     

The administration of remedial education in Spain Origins, influences and present situation

This article examines the regulation of remedial education in Spain that has emerged from a sweeping reform of the educational system, originating from and inspired by constitutional principles and the regulation of the right to an education. The components of this theme display certain similarities with (a) specific programmes in U.S. educational institutions; (b) the English system of priority areas for the improvement of the educational infrastructure and materials, and teacher incentives and (c) the planning, opening, and specific nature of Educational Priority Areas in France. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

‘Good soldiers are made,not born’⊥: the dangers of medicalizing ability in the military use of genetics

Advances in genetic and genomic science are of particular interest to the United States military. Responding to Maxwell J. Mehlman''s and Tracy Yeheng Li''s article Ethical, Legal, Social, and Policy Issues in the Use of Genomic Technology by the U.S. Military, this Commentary explores the social consequences of medicalizing what it means to be a good soldier. It begins by reviewing the well-documented consequences of medicalization in the contexts of the eugenics movement and modern genetic and genomic science. It then applies that analysis to the military use of genetics and genomics, focusing on the ways in which genetic or genomic accounts of military ability could entrench existing gender and racial disparities.     

Effectiveness of Femur Bone Indexes to Segregate Wild from Captive Minks,Mustela vison,and Forensic Implications for Small Mammals

Utilization of free‐living populations of endangered wildlife species is usually strictly prohibited or restricted. Farming of endangered species can provide products that are in demand as a countermeasure. A novel forensic issue arises because it becomes necessary to discriminate the origin of given wildlife products. We tested the effectiveness of five measurements and four indexes of femur bone using farmed minks (n = 40) and escapees (n = 32). Results showed all measurements, namely body mass (L_f), body length (M_f), femur mass (V_f), femur length (M_b), and femur volume (L_b), were highly discriminatory. However, they are susceptible to the influence of nutrition level and sex. Femur length index (I_fl), femur linear density (D_l), and femur volume density (D_v) eliminated the influence of level of nutrition and were highly effective. However, I_fl and D_l were influenced by sex (p = 0.000). Because D_v was not influenced by sex (p = 0.683) and was highly effective, it was the preferred index.     

Development of Forensic Assay Signatures for Ebolaviruses

Ebolaviruses are a diverse group of RNA viruses comprising five different species, four of which cause fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. Because of their high infectivity and lethality, ebolaviruses are considered major biothreat agents. Although detection assays exist, no forensic assays are currently available. Here, we report the development of forensic assays that differentiate ebolaviruses. We performed phylogenetic analyses and identified canonical SNPs for all species, major clades and isolates. TaqMan‐MGB allelic discrimination assays based on these SNPs were designed, screened against synthetic RNA templates, and validated against ebolavirus genomic RNAs. A total of 45 assays were validated to provide 100% coverage of the species and variants with additional resolution at the isolate level. These assays enabled accurate forensic analysis on 4 “unknown” ebolaviruses. Unknowns were correctly classified to species and variant. A goal of providing resolution below the isolate level was not successful. These high‐resolution forensic assays allow rapid and accurate genotyping of ebolaviruses for forensic investigations.     

我国就业中年龄歧视的实证研究——以1995～2005年上海和成都两市30万份招聘广告为例

就业中的年龄不属被劳动法禁止的歧视种类。据对1995年我国《劳动法》施行到2005年这11年期间30万份报刊广告招聘条件的统计,用人单位录用劳动者主要集中在35岁以下,40岁以上普遍受到用人单位的差别排斥。年龄歧视成为劳动法规定的平等就业与现实差距最大的一个现象。用人单位对劳动者实行不合理的年龄差别,严重限制、剥夺并影响到劳动者平等就业权利的实现。消除这个普遍的、严重的歧视种类:一方面可以在制定劳动就业促进法中增加禁止年龄歧视的种类,另一方面可以考虑在制定反歧视法中明确把年龄歧视作为法律禁止的歧视类型。     

私分国有资产行为之界定标准问题新探

自从私分国有资产罪设立以来，如何区分私分国有资产行为和共同贪污行为就成为摆在刑法理论界和司法实务界面前的一道棘手的难题。在众多的区分标准中，以私分国有资产行为受益主体多寡作为区分私分国有资产行为和共同贪污行为的标准成为刑法理论界的主流观点并在司法实务工作中被普遍接受。然而，以私分行为之受益主体多寡作为区分标准从逻辑和法理上均不可行，在司法实践中应该实行新的区分标准。