美国、意大利辩诉交易制度比较——兼论辩诉交易存在的法理基础

辩诉交易虽源于英国,但却在美国发扬光大。意大利在1988年《刑事诉讼法典》中增加了“依当事人要求适用刑罚”的特殊程序,但该程序与美国的辩诉交易有很大的差异。从美国、意大利的比较研究中可以得到辩诉交易制度本身存在的法理基础。     

Fairness to non-participants: a case for a practice-independent egalitarian baseline

Proponents of practice-dependent egalitarianism argue that egalitarian duties and entitlements only apply among participants in morally relevant practices. In this paper, I argue that these views are implausible because they allow for objectionable treatment of non-participants. I show that it is impossible, on the basis of practice-internal considerations alone, to determine the extent to which the pursuit of practices can permissibly limit the opportunities of non-participants. There are opportunities beyond the current holdings of practices to which no one has a privileged claim (such as unowned natural resources), and the distribution of which is a matter of justice. A just distribution of such unowned distributive goods, though, requires a practice-independent distributive baseline. I further show that such a baseline can only be egalitarian because all alternative baselines face serious objections. From this I conclude that any plausible theory of distributive justice must accept some form of equal practice-independent distributive entitlements.     

推进非公中小企业劳动关系协调机制建设的思考 —— 对改善非公中小企业劳动关系现状的对策建议

劳动关系协调机制是推进企业和谐稳定以及企业长足发展的重要抓手。集体协商、职代会和劳动争议调解是企业协调劳动关系的重要机制。然而目前,各类企业尤其是非公中小企业的劳动关系需要完善和改过。为此,可采用两手抓的工作路径,即一方面应积极推动具备条件的企业依法建立健全劳动关系协调机制,另一方面大力推进区域性、行业性劳动关系协调机制建设,通过两方面工作路径的有效联动,推进区域劳动关系的整体和谐稳定,进而增进企业活力,推动企业发展。     

The Interaction Effects of Bargaining Power: The Interplay Between Veto Power,Asymmetric Interdependence,Reputation, and Audience Costs

In international relations, different rationalistic theories have developed to explain negotiators’ behavior and the outcomes of negotiations. The compatibility and interaction effects between the different forms of bargaining power, however, remain unexplored. In this article, I seek to fill this gap by connecting four rationalistic concepts of bargaining power: veto power, asymmetric interdependence, reputation, and audience costs. By showing that domestic veto players are only semiveto players in international politics – because they can veto an improvement but not a deterioration of the status quo – threats based on asymmetric interdependence to disrupt a mutually beneficial cooperative relationship can be connected to veto power; the incompatibility of the factors concerned would otherwise make this impossible. The combination of veto power and asymmetric interdependence, however, raises a theoretical question: Will rational actors ever approve a deterioration of the status quo? Theories of reputation and audience costs can help answer this question. According to these approaches, threatening parties suffer ex post costs when they back down from their own threats. This theoretical analysis sheds new light on how different forms of bargaining power interact with each other and also helps to address some of the theoretical inconsistencies of the original individual concepts. Finally, this analysis suggests some of the weaknesses of empirical studies that have neglected these interaction effects.     

行政救济程序中建立行政协调机制之研究

我国行政复议及行政诉讼的救济程序中存在着当事人不能和解的制度缺陷,导致很多案件在缺少法律监督的情况下案外和解,因此,行政救济程序中有必要建立行政协调机制.此制度的设计是在我国调解制度的基础上,并借鉴国外的诉辩交易及ADR机制提出的,有其存在的理论依据和实践基础.该机制的建立有利于和谐社会的建构,以及实现行政纠纷解决机制的多元化.     

集体谈判中工人代表的行为偏好分析与激励机制建构

在劳动关系领域,集体谈判被认为是维护劳工权益的有效制度.但中国的经验表明,集体谈判制度的有效性并未得到工人,特别是基层工人的充分肯定.之所以出现这一问题,是因为工人代表在集体谈判中的行为偏好及其与之耦合的激励机制缺位所致.因此,关注工人代表在集体谈判中的行为偏好并建立与之一致的激励机制,是提升中国集体谈判制度效果的现实选择,也是维护工人权益,促进劳资和谐乃至社会和谐的重要之举.     

国外三方协商机制及其对我国的启示与借鉴

三方机制是市场经济条件下工业化国家通过政府、雇主和工会组织对涉及经济社会发展等重大问题进行平等协商,达成一致的一种制度。它是平衡劳资力量对比、解决社会矛盾特别是劳动争议的有效手段,是确保经济社会平稳、可持续发展的制度性安排与保障。研究和借鉴工业化市场经济国家的有益经验,对于进一步完善我国三方协商机制,有效解决我国当前日趋增多的劳动争议,维护我国劳动关系长期和谐稳定,促进我国经济社会长期平稳可持续发展,具有十分重要的作用和意义。作者对进一步完善我国三方协商机制及其作用,提出了若干具体建议。     

区域性工资集体协商刍议

区域性工资集体协商,可为调节社会总体劳资关系发挥有效的支撑作用。这项工作,不能单纯依赖企业内部的＂个体协商＂,而应在更高、更广层面上进行有效运作,以期形成＂整体＂与＂个体＂有机结合的模式。     

完善我国工资集体协商立法之我见

工资集体协商制度,是市场经济国家协调劳动关系重要机制在中国的发展,但其全部效应并未全面发挥出来,立法不完善是其重要原因之一。因此,应着力提升立法理念,完善法律制度建设,加强对工资协商代表的保护,明确规定违反工资集体协商的法律责任,以充分发挥该制度在促进社会分配公平公正中的作用。     

工资集体协商存在的问题及其改进之策

开展切实的工资集体协商,是需要一定条件的。工会自身存在的一些问题,在影响着工资集体协商制度发挥有效作用。必须在工资集体协商的实践中积极推进工会自身改革与建设,以使工会能切实担负起代表职工参与工资共决的时代使命,从而为促进劳动公平、构建和谐劳动关系作出应有贡献。