试说劳动力市场变化对工会工作的影响

我国劳动关系现正处于比较敏感时期,并已呈现一些新变化：用人单位在劳动力市场上交易成本逐渐加大;劳动者利益需求明显趋于多样化。这些变化与我国社会发展所处特定阶段恰相适应,代表了一种发展方向。工会所提出的“两个普遍”,正是应对劳动力市场变化的一种重大举措。     

The Time Penalty: Examining the Relationship Between Time to Conviction and Trial vs. Plea Disparities in Sentencing

Although studies of sentencing routinely find that defendants who plead guilty receive relatively lenient sentences compared with similarly situated defendants convicted by trial, we have yet to fully understand the role of “mode of conviction” in the sentencing process. In particular, we know little about how the size of the disparity between guilty pleas and trial convictions may depend upon time in case processing, or the timing of pleas; that is, when during the process defendants plead guilty. This is a considerable issue, as “time” often is central to explanations given for plea-trial disparities. The current study examines this central, yet seldom empirically captured, dimension of the sentencing process. Using information gathered in an ancillary data collection effort operated under the supervision of the American Terrorism Study, we differentiate between the mode of conviction and time to conviction and explore the role of “time” in sentence severity, especially with regard to the plea-trial disparity. While consisting of defendants identified in connection with terrorism investigations, and sentenced in federal courts, our study takes advantages of a unique opportunity to isolate the effects of time from the mode of disposition and to explore time correlates of sentencing outcomes. In doing so, we raise important questions about the multiple ways in which time and mode of conviction may affect sentencing more generally and contribute to the larger theoretical discussions of how punishment decisions are made.     

加拿大集体谈判法律制度研究

经过60余载的发展,加拿大的集体谈判制度日趋完善,在维护产业和平中发挥了重要的作用。加拿大集体谈判制度围绕谈判主体资格的确定、谈判过程的规制、谈判僵局的处理以及谈判的监管机制进行构建,在充分尊重谈判双方自主性的前提下,也重视发挥政府的调控作用,以确保集体谈判被控制在法治的框架内。随着集体谈判制度的发展,加拿大劳资关系中的合作、磋商、沟通逐渐成为一种常态,劳动者的磋商权逐渐获得承认。     

《天津市企业工资集体协商条例》探析

《天津市企业工资集体协商条例》从立法层次看,属地方性法规,具有规范性、普遍性和强制性的特征。其颁布实施,健全了我市劳动工资法律制度,对构建和谐劳动关系意义重大。但其中尚有一些问题值得作进一步的探讨。     

金融危机背景下开展工资集体协商的方式与对策

现阶段大力开展工资集体协商,不仅有利于维护广大职工的切身利益,而且有利于帮助企业走出困境、促进劳动关系的和谐稳定和增强企业竞争力。工会参与工资集体协商,应讲究一定方法和策略,把握好企业长远利益与职工的具体利益的结合点,积极建立劳资双方平等协商决定工资分配的新机制。     

推行工资集体协商制度困境中的法律对策

工资集体协商制度是通过法定程序将用人单位的工资分配纳入规范化和契约化轨道。由于我国现有集体协商立法和政策规定只是宏观指引，刚性不足，导致工资集体协商的推行并未达到理想状态。健全的法律制度乃是破解制约工资集体协商难题的重要保障，只有把工资集体协商制度真正关进法制的笼子里，工资集体协商制度才能得以有效推行。     

分配正义的两个考察维度

本文基于政治哲学的视野,从持有—转让—矫正、起点—过程—终点两个维度具体讨论社会基本结构的分配正义问题。分配的每一个具体环节都应是平等的基本自由权利的具体呈现,并受到平等的基本自由权利的反思性平衡。社会基本结构对于财富转让具有背景性规定意义,二次分配的矫正正义性可以得到契约论的充分辩护;起点公平是以人自由存在能力为核心的人的存在关系状态,社会财富分配在起点正义基础之上经过合规则的程序过程所达到的终点,既是平等基本自由权利的实现,同时又是新过程的起点。     

Justice in Health Care Decision-Making: Patients’ Appraisals of Health Care Providers and Health Plan Representatives

This study describes the development of two versions of a Health Care Justice Inventory (HCJI). One version focuses on patients interactions with their providers (HCJI-P) and the other focuses on patients interactions with the representatives of their health plans (HCJI-HP). Each version of the HCJI assesses patients appraisals of their interactions (with either their Provider or representatives of their Health Plan) along three common dimensions of procedural justice: Trust, Impartiality, and Participation. Both the Provider and Health Plan scales assess indices that are relatively independent of patients demographic characteristics. In addition, patients appraisals of their interactions with their provider were only moderately related to their appraisals of their interactions with representatives of their health plan, indicating that the Provider and Health Plan scales tap distinct aspects of patients overall experience with the health care system. Overall, procedural justice dimensions were significantly related to patient satisfaction in both the Provider and the Health Plan contexts. As predicted, procedural justice factors were more strongly tied to patient satisfaction in the Provider than in the Health Plan context, and health care decisions based on distributive justice principles of Need (rather than Equity or Equality) were most closely tied to patient satisfaction in both contexts.     

Online Dispute Resolution and Bargaining

The automated negotiation process seems to be a powerful mechanism to resolve disputes arising from Internet-based transactions. Automated negotiation is an online blind-bidding process in which an automated algorithm evaluates bids from the parties and settles the case if the offers are within a prescribed range. Following the arguments of the dispute resolution professionals, the main advantage of this procedure is to promote natural agreements by restoring the parties' right to negotiate on their own, without the presence of a third party in the shadow of negotiations. Our purpose is to investigate this issue by modelling the automated negotiation process as a two-person bargaining game under incomplete information. A first result states that, given incomplete information, not all mutually beneficial agreements can be attained via the procedure. Furthermore, the settlement rule has a drastic effect on the players' strategies, which induces that the automated negotiation process does not significantly increase the likelihood of a settlement. The ability of the procedure to generate efficiency is only due to the costs imposed on parties if a disagreement occurs, that is the combination of players' risk aversion and uncertainty.     

论辩诉交易制度在我国的适用

辩诉交易制度是美国刑事司法所特有的,是英美等国家处理大量刑事案件,提高诉讼效率的一项重要制度。分析辩诉交易制度的理论基础和适用条件,有利于讨论辩诉交易制度在我国适用的可行性,提出构建我国辩诉交易制度的思路。