From Form to Function to Sustainable Solutions? Reforming Public Sectors in Low Income Countries: New Approaches and Available Evidence of “What Works”

The article reviews the evidence about success of public sector reforms in low and middle income countries, external support for such reforms, and recent ideas of how such support could be better designed and implemented. Enthusiasm for supporting public sector reforms has decreased over the past decade, and available data suggest that there has been little overall improvement. However, it also indicates that a small number of countries have significantly strengthened their public sectors over the past 10 to 20 years. The article then reviews five new approaches that have been proposed for better supporting public sector reforms. It looks at how they diagnose what has not worked and the implications of what should be carried out differently. Furthermore, it explores to what extent the available evidence of overall stagnation as well as of success cases fits with these proposed alternatives, to gauge to what extent they are likely to make a difference. The final section sets out the implications. Development agencies should seek to deliberately test a combination of the proposed alternative approaches, particularly in more difficult contexts, taking political feasibility as a basis and adding other elements. The urgency to make progress remains high. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论我国值班律师的法律定位及其权利保障

值班律师制度作为一项旨在保障被追诉人权利的重要制度,在我国立法过程中,值班律师的法律定位经历了从模糊化处理到确立为法律帮助者的发展过程。基于联合国公约的要求以及现代意义上辩护的内涵,应将值班律师提供法律帮助理解为辩护行为,但值班律师并不等同于法律援助辩护律师。为了使值班律师制度在司法实践中得到有效适用,应赋予值班律师摘抄、复制案卷材料的权利,还应采取措施提高值班律师的经济补助,并允许值班律师转化为辩护律师。