Responsiveness and the rules of the game: How disproportionality structures the effects of winning and losing on external efficacy

This paper investigates how casting a winning or losing vote affects perceptions of external efficacy across varying conditions of electoral disproportionality. I find that as a political system's electoral mechanisms become more disproportional—that is, when institutional rules produce an increasingly unequal ratio of votes cast to the percentage of seats won—individuals who voted for losing parties become significantly less efficacious than their winning counterparts. Under these conditions, electoral winners are more likely to perceive that it matters what party is elected, while losers' attitudes about the meaningfulness of electoral representation sour. However, when disproportionality is minimal, no significant difference between winners' and losers' perceptions of external efficacy is observed, suggesting that the winner-loser framework has context-specific utility. I conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings.     

《道路交通安全法》第76条之运行实效分析

<道路交通安全法>的颁布实施,尤其该法第76条关于交通事故处理的规定引起社会大众和法学、社会学以及经济学的学者们的热烈探讨和争论.该法实施两年来,第76条的实效究竟如何?文章运用法律社会学的法律实效理论的分析框架,创造性地提出法律实效评判的内在标准和外在标准,依托权威性的"社会事实",兼采经验实证与逻辑推理的方法,揭示该76条在运行中取得的良好实效,展示该法律在实现社会控制中起到的积极作用,呼吁人们树立正确的守法观念和守法意识,坚持依法办事,构建和谐社会.     

禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗不同剂量的免疫效果比较

将 4 7只 2 8日龄SPF鸡分为 4组 ,第 1～ 3组为试验组 ,每组 12只 ,分别肌肉注射禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗 0 .1、0 .3、0 .5mL/只 ,第 4组 11只为对照组。各组鸡在免疫后 1、2、3周采血 ,测定H9抗体水平 ;在免疫后 3周用 1∶10稀释的AIV H9N2攻毒 ,0 .2mL/只。攻毒后第2、3、4周继续测定H9抗体水平 ,观察了疫苗对鸡的保护效果。结果显示 ,0 .5mL/只剂量的免疫效果比 0 .1mL/只和 0 .3mL/只剂量的免疫效果好 ;攻毒用的AIV H9N2的致病力低 ,对所有试验鸡均不致死。     

Deliberation,Democratic Decision-Making and Internal Political Efficacy

Empirical research into the possible positive consequences of deliberation increasingly reveals that there is a complex relationship between deliberation and its effects on citizens. In this experimental study I examine the relationship between internal political efficacy and one type of deliberation: deliberative decision-making. I also test whether different structures of decision-making mediate between deliberation and internal political efficacy. The data suggest that deliberative decision-making had no direct effect on a global measure of internal political efficacy. Participants in face-to-face deliberative decision-making, though, had higher scores on a situation-specific measure of internal political efficacy than participants who only voted. The structures of decision-making had no effect on either measure of internal political efficacy. These results support claims that deliberation will not necessarily lead to direct, positive effects on citizens internal political efficacy, but they also highlight the likelihood that face-to-face deliberation can lead citizens to feel more competent in their deliberative abilities.     

Party competition and citizens' political attitudes in the American states

Democratic theorists argue that vigorous competition between candidates/parties is essential for democracy to flourish because it engages citizens' political interest and ultimately makes elected officials more accountable to their constituents. Using data on citizens' perceptions of government responsiveness to their political opinions from the American National Election Studies and the Ranney measure of party competition for control of state government, we examine the effects of competition on citizens' political attitudes from 1952 to 2008. Our analysis reveals that citizens feel government is more responsive to them when there is greater competition between the two parties for control of government in their state. However, this relationship is confined only to citizens who identify with the party that controls government in their state. We also find that the relationship between competition and efficacy is strongest among citizens with lower levels of education and income. These results suggest that vigorous competition for control of state government can have important implications for citizens' political attitudes.     

Co‐Production of Public Services in Australia: The Roles of Government Organisations and Co‐Producers

This article adds to the emerging empirical literature on citizen co‐production. Based on a telephone survey of 1000 Australian adults, it replicates a five‐country European study focusing on three policy domains: neighbourhood safety, environment, and health (Loeffler et al. 2008). It shows that individually performed and closely reciprocal activities with high levels of private value are performed the most often, whereas group activities producing mainly public value are the least performed. We found no evidence of a relationship between service satisfaction and co‐production, or between information provision/inclusion/consultation and co‐production, which challenges some of the previous literature on what might motivate citizens to co‐produce. Citizen self‐efficacy has a modest relationship with co‐production levels in each of the three policy domains. These findings have implications for policymakers, and pave the way for future empirical research in this field.     

简论公安院校教师教学效能感的培养

教师的教学效能感是公安院校教师素质的一个重要方面,它在公安教育教学工作中对教师的信念和积极性、教师在困难面前的态度、教学行为成败的归因以及教师的思维模式和情绪调控等都有极其重要的作用,因此公安院校应从多方面采取措施培养教师的教学效能感,从而提高教师的素质。     

海峡两岸专利无效制度之比较

应和着社会经济的发展,海峡两岸的专利无效制度在历史淌流中呈现出不同性态的变化。海峡两岸的专利无效制度在专利无效程序的启动、专利无效的审理、专利无效的法律效力等方面存在着共性,也有区别;各有优点,也各具不足。两岸在进行立法完善时应努力寻求两岸专利无效制度的共同点,相互借鉴,进而为两岸的科技交流与经贸合作提供有利的制度性支持。     

城中村犯罪的形成机制——以深圳T村为例

城中村的犯罪基本上是以侵财为目的的经济型犯罪,尤其是入室盗窃,犯罪者主要为外来务工者。城中村的社区结构特征使得整个社区具有较低的集体效能,出现了社会解组。生活中的＂紧张＂使得外来务工者具备了犯罪动机,老乡网络和城中村越轨网络为犯罪者提供了两种训练渠道,城中村租住者本身的日常活动为犯罪的发生提供了适当的犯罪目标。     

Mapping Urban Revitalization: Using GIS Spatial Analysis to Evaluate a New Housing Policy

This longitudinal, multimethod study uses geographical information system (GIS) software to evaluate the community-wide impact of a neighborhood revitalization project. Unsystematic visual examination and analysis of GIS maps are offered as a complementary tool to quantitative analysis and one that is much more compelling, meaningful, and effective in presentation to community and nonscientific professional audiences. The centerpiece of the intervention was the development of a new, middle-class housing subdivision in an area that was declining physically and economically. This represents three major urban/housing policy directions: (1) the emphasis on home ownership for working-class families, (2) the deconcentration of poverty through development of mixed-income neighborhoods, and (3) the clean up and redevelopment of contaminated, former industrial brownfields. Resident survey responses, objective environmental assessment observations, and building permit data were collected, geocoded at the address level, and aggregated to the block level on 60 street blocks in the older neighborhoods surrounding the new housing in two waves: during site clearing and housing construction (Time 1: 1993–95) and three years post-completion (Time 2: 1998–99). Variables mapped include (a) Time 1–2 change in self-reported home repairs and improvements, (b) change in the assessed physical condition of yards and exteriors of 925 individual residential properties, (c) change in residents' home pride, and (d) a city archive of building permits at Time 2. Physical conditions improved overall in the neighborhood, but spatial analysis of the maps suggest that the spillover effects, if any, of the new housing were geographically limited and included unintended negative psychological consequences. Results argue for greater use of GIS and the street block level in community research and of psychological and behavioral variables in planning research and decisions.