雇佣契约的效力基础——以乡土社会为场域

乡土社会的熟人特色和近代国家法的西方面向,使得乡村中雇佣契约的实施主要依赖于社会力量。雇工与雇主既是达成雇佣契约的主体,同时也是雇佣契约实施所分别作用的对象。雇佣契约的效力机制主要体现为,社会力量通过对于雇工的压制机制和雇主的惩罚机制迫使雇佣双方安于遵循所达成的契约规范。     

保单质押的基本法律问题探析——实践的审视与规则的梳理

保单质押贷款在金融实务中普遍使用，但是由于实体法中缺乏明确的规定，作为一种权利质押形式，保单质押游离于法律体系之外。保单质押的标的是保单现金价值请求权和投资保障性财产保单之给付金受领权，该两项权利具有可质性。具有现金价值是人寿保单质押设立的前提，只有投保人具有以保单出质的权利，交付、通知保险人、被保险人的同意是保单质押公示的方式。与其他权利质相比，保单质押具有一些特殊的效力。     

Direct Democracy and Political Efficacy Reconsidered

Some studies have contended that direct democracy has secondary benefits unrelated to its impact on policy. In particular, recent scholarship claims that the American ballot initiative process enhances political efficacy. We began with concerns about the logic and empirical methods underlying this conclusion. We connect this research to the broader political psychology literature and in doing so find little reason to expect a positive relationship between direct democracy and efficacy. Our other contribution is to subject the empirical claim to more extensive testing. In contrast to prior research, we draw from multiple data sources and consider sampling methods. The results consistently fail to indicate that direct democracy generally enhances political efficacy. We find cause for skepticism about the secondary benefits of the ballot initiative process.

Judgement without justice: on the efficacy of the European human rights regime

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is widely regarded as the most important human rights court worldwide. This article investigates the extent to which the court addresses cases from countries with the worst human rights performance. Using a new data set on all ECtHR judgments from 1995–2012, the analysis suggests that the ECtHR does not deliver its judgments against members of the Council of Europe with the worst human rights records, but instead against more democratic and affluent states. The reason is that litigating in front of a supranational court requires capacities that vulnerable people are unlikely to possess, except when aided by transnational advocacy groups. However, more judgements are issued against countries that lack independent judiciaries, where cases are less likely to be resolved at the domestic level. While the ECtHR might not address the worst human rights crimes, it plays a subsidiary role in the European human rights protection system by compensating for weak domestic judiciaries. However, the court's inability to independently pursue litigation, together with the lack of capacity in some countries to bring cases forward, have hampered more effective protection of human rights for the most vulnerable in Europe.     

论信访制度在解决社会纠纷中的困境与完善

在实际运行中尽管新《信访条例》赋予了信访具有解决社会纠纷这一功能,但由于信访制度在目的、对象、性质及方式定位与其解决社会纠纷的功能没有实现有效的衔接,导致信访在解决社会纠纷中责重权轻,无法发挥其应有的功能。只有将信访的目的、对象、机构、方式置于纠纷解决的框架下,才能使其在实践中真正具备纠纷解决的功效。     

一株拮抗放线菌发酵液对试验性鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效试验

对一株具有抑菌效果的放线菌发酵液用于治疗鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效进行了研究.采用人工感染诱发鸡大肠杆菌病造模,分别以放线菌发酵液与氟苯尼考进行预防和治疗试验.结果显示,放线菌发酵液治疗组与氟苯尼考低剂量(5 mg/kg)组的大肠杆菌病治疗效果相当,差异不显著;放线菌发酵液预防组与感染对照组在死亡率、治愈率和增重方面差异显著.证实,试验所用的放线菌发酵液可用于治疗和预防人工诱发的O_(89)血清型鸡大肠杆菌病.     

论侦查效益的概念

侦查效益反映的是侦查收益和侦查成本之间复杂的动态关系,而侦查成本是投入侦查的基本资源,有侦查的经济成本和侦查的权力成本之分;侦查收益是侦查的物质性收益和侦查的非物质性收益的统一。     

禽流感重组禽痘病毒疫苗不同途径及剂量接种的免疫效力

将表达禽流感病毒 (AIV)H5HA和N1NA基因的重组禽痘病毒 (rFPV HA NA)以不同剂量分别经翅下刺种、肌肉注射、皮下注射、点眼及滴鼻途径接种于 4周龄SPF鸡。结果 ,该疫苗经翅下刺种、肌肉注射和皮下注射途径接种的SPF鸡 ,能够诱导其产生血凝抑制 (HI)抗体 ;用10 0LD50 的HPAIVA/Goose/Guangdong/ 1/ 96 (H5N1)毒株攻击后 ,免疫鸡无一发病和死亡 ,免疫保护率为 10 0 %。以点眼和滴鼻途径免疫的SPF鸡 ,大剂量接种能够诱导产生一定水平的抗体 ,攻毒后的保护率分别为 83.3%、6 6 .7% ;而小剂量接种则不产生免疫反应 ,保护率为 0。表明rFPV HA NA疫苗只有经翅下刺种、肌肉注射和皮下注射途径接种 ,才能够诱导机体产生高水平的免疫力。     

养血清脑颗粒治疗高血压伴随症状的Meta分析

目的 系统评价养血清脑颗粒治疗高血压伴随症状的疗效。方法 采用计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库自建库以来至2013年5月公开发表的与养血清脑颗粒治疗高血压伴随症状相关的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials, RCTs）,并手工检索相关期刊,对筛选出的文献查找全文,经质量评价最终纳入文献后采用Review Manager 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入10篇文章,共计1 777例患者。Meta分析结果显示：在治疗终点,养血清脑颗粒组高血压伴随头痛、头晕、失眠的疗效优于对照组,有效率的危险比（risk ratio, RR）及其95％可信区间（confidence interval, CI）分别为（RR=1.37;95％ CI：1.27～1.47;P<0.01）、（RR=1.34;95％ CI：1.21～1.48;P<0.01）、（RR=2.20;95％ CI：1.36～3.54;P<0.01）。结论 养血清脑颗粒能显著改善高血压性头痛、头晕、失眠症状,但尚需更多大样本、高质量RCTs进一步验证。     

应用BALB/c小鼠评价口蹄疫灭活疫苗的免疫效力

用不同剂量的口蹄疫灭活疫苗免疫3组雌性BALB/c小鼠,同时设空白对照组,每组8只。免疫后每7 d采血一次,用液相阻断ELISA(LPB-ELISA)检测血清抗体水平;第28 d用800LD50同源强毒攻击,攻毒后36 h,每组随机选取3只BALB/c小鼠,采全血,分别用每只BALB/c小鼠全血注射12只乳鼠,每组共注射36只乳鼠,以乳鼠试验判定BALB/c小鼠的病毒血症和攻毒保护情况。结果表明,免疫组BALB/c小鼠均可产生特异性抗体,保护率分别为75.0%、63.9%、36.1%;对照组小鼠血清抗体为阴性。提示,BALB/c小鼠可以用来评价口蹄疫灭活疫苗的免疫效力。