论外交保护中用尽当地救济的法律地位与规则性质

外交保护是国家保护海外公民最重要的手段之一。用尽当地救济是外交保护的前提条件。长期以来,它一直被认为是国际习惯。随着国际争端解决方式的多样化以及保护人权呼声的高涨,一些学者开始质疑该规则的国际习惯地位。但是这种质疑不具有合理性和可行性。在法律地位的基础上,国际社会对用尽当地救济的规则性质始终莫衷一是。事实上,应当对侵害行为区分不同情况,分别判定用尽当地救济是程序法性质的,还是实体法性质的。     

协商民主：完善选举制度的路径选择

选举制度是建立以选举民主为基础上的现代宪政制度之一。但由于选举民主存在自身局限性，导致建立在选举民主基础上的选择制度存在自身无法克服的缺陷。通过将协商民主导入选举民主，有助于选举制度的完善。     

关于政治体制改革的几点思考

当前我国社会进入各类矛盾多发期,其中尤以劳资矛盾、官民矛盾最为突出,加快推进政治体制改革迫在眉睫。政治体制改革的主要目标是实行民主政治。加快推进政治体制改革,应主要从以下几方面着手:一是进一步落实、完善选举制度,真正实现权为民所授,首先在县乡两级推行直接选举,并逐步扩大直选范围。二是进一步落实和完善人民代表大会制度,减少代表人数,延长会期,优化代表结构,实行代表职业化,并落实人大的财政预算权,实现人大对政府的有力制约监督。三是深化司法体制改革,真正实现司法独立。     

Treating Voters as an Afterthought? The Legacies of a Decade of Electoral Modernisation in the United Kingdom

Over the past decade, the UK's New Labour government has been at the forefront of efforts internationally to modernise electoral procedures, promising to deliver 'an e-enabled, multi-channel general election by 2006'. This paper considers the origins and the impacts of reforms to UK electoral procedures with a particular focus on the adoption of postal voting on demand and pilots of electronic voting and counting since 2000. The paper concludes that the principal legacy of the modernisation agenda to date is likely to have been a negative impact on public confidence in the electoral process.     

Affirmative Action in an Institutional Context: The Antecedents of Policy Preferences and Political Support

This study broadens the framework within which the psychology of support for affirmative action policies is examined to include the institutional framework within which such policies are developed and implemented. This broader framework includes concern with electoral support for those who implement affirmative action policies, as well as considering the impact of implementing such policies on the overall legitimacy of government. It also includes evaluations of the fairness of the two key social institutions shaping such policies—government authorities and markets. The results of a survey of Americans suggest that this institutional framework had an important influence on reactions to affirmative action policies that was distinct from direct reactions to policies themselves. In particular, people were more supportive of policies intervening in markets when they believed that markets represented unfair social allocation procedures. Those politicians who supported such policies received greater electoral support when people viewed market procedures as being unfair and when they felt that government decision-making procedures were fair. Evidence suggests that outcomes did not directly shape electoral support or judgments about the legitimacy of government.     

从FEC面临的问题看美国选举制度的内在矛盾

FEC系美国依法专司联邦选举有关事务的机构.它自身所遇到和披露的美国选举政治中的种种矛盾和棘手问题表明,作为美国所谓民主政治重要构成内容的选举制度,严重地为选举规则、金钱政治、党派斗争、利用集团操控、竞选资金滥用等所困扰.了解和分析这些矛盾与问题,有助于我们从一个特定的角度,较为深入具体地认识美国资本主义政治的本质和特点.     

The Purpose of Electoral Reform for Westminster

Britain is facing a referendum on electoral reform for Westminster in 2011, yet there is little debate over the goals of such a change. Arguably, the purposes of political representation should determine the choice of a new system. Thus, ten modernising goals that go further than merely giving more seats to the Liberal Democrats are proposed. In a society made up of women and men, both need balanced representation. In an educated society, citizens need to be kept abreast of their MPs' performance as legislators so they can engage with parliamentary affairs. In an increasingly diverse society, the electoral system needs to improve who gets to be represented by whom, by providing citizens with more than one representative per district. The proposed Alternative Vote would provide few advantages and additional drawbacks, but could stimulate consensus around a modern system in tune with Westminster traditions.     

Voter–Representative Congruence in Europe: A Loss of Institutional Influence?

What is the level of voter–elite congruence in Europe and how is it affected by institutions? This article presents a different conceptualisation and new data to comparative research on congruence between voters and their representatives in 15 European countries. The originality of this work is mainly in its use of the most appropriate cross-national data for the conceptualisation of congruence as a ‘many-to-many’ relationship, using for the first time a survey of representatives to replace expert and public opinion on legislators’ attitudes. The study’s results show that congruence in European countries is relatively high in terms of left–right positions and, surprisingly, even higher regarding the question of EU integration. However, while we find enough evidence to link ideological congruence to mostly electoral institutions, it seems the same factors have no relation to the European unification dimension of congruence. This indicates the different nature of congruence in both the ideological and EU integration dimensions. Additionally, the present study found congruence to be higher for the group of voters rather than non-voters, and also higher for voters interested in politics as well as voters with a university degree.     

未来纪委建设的方向——基于党内监督机构的演变规律

党内监督机构受腐败形势和反腐败模式影响,权威性和独立性不断提高,运作不断规范。未来将推行新的双重领导体制以提高纪委的独立性,纪委的权威性将得到适度控制,腐败的复杂化将迫使纪委不得不提速自身的能力建设,纪委将更加注重吸纳网络民意,并与社会生态的改变形成良性互动。     

当前我国医疗腐败的表现形式、成因及其治理

我国的医疗腐败问题已引起了社会的高度关注.当前我国医疗腐败的主要表现形式是回扣,医疗腐败是由多种因素交汇促生的.治理医疗腐败需要多管齐下,综合治理,包括改革医疗体制、理顺医药销售流通体系、健全法规和加强惩处、加强监督和增加透明度等.