Muscle contraction during electro-muscular incapacitation: A comparison between square-wave pulses and the TASER(®) X26 Electronic control device

Abstract: Electronic control devices (including the Advanced TASER^® X26 model produced by TASER International) incapacitate individuals by causing muscle contractions. To provide information relevant to development of future potential devices, effects of monophasic square waves with different parameters were compared with those of the X26 electronic control device, using two animal models (frogs and swine). Pulse power, electrical pulse charge, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency affected muscle contraction. There was no difference in the charge required, between the square waveform and the X26 waveform, to cause approximately the same muscle‐contraction response (in terms of the strength‐duration curve). Thus, on the basis of these initial studies, the detailed shape of a waveform may not be important in terms of generating electro‐muscular incapacitation. More detailed studies, however, may be required to thoroughly test all potential waveforms to be considered for future use in ECDs.     

再评《鹿特丹规则》

在对《海牙规则》《海牙-维斯比规则》《汉堡规则》《鹿特丹规则》作简要比较的基础上,概括论述《鹿特丹规则》的五个特点：扩展了公约适用范围;规范了电子运输记录;明确了承运人交付货物的义务;处理了不可转让运输单证的货物交付问题;完善了诉讼时效相关规定。呼吁中国目前不要加入《鹿特丹规则》,主张吸取《鹿特丹规则》中切合实际的规定,对《海牙-维斯比规则》进行修改。     

Online Dispute Resolution and Bargaining

The automated negotiation process seems to be a powerful mechanism to resolve disputes arising from Internet-based transactions. Automated negotiation is an online blind-bidding process in which an automated algorithm evaluates bids from the parties and settles the case if the offers are within a prescribed range. Following the arguments of the dispute resolution professionals, the main advantage of this procedure is to promote natural agreements by restoring the parties' right to negotiate on their own, without the presence of a third party in the shadow of negotiations. Our purpose is to investigate this issue by modelling the automated negotiation process as a two-person bargaining game under incomplete information. A first result states that, given incomplete information, not all mutually beneficial agreements can be attained via the procedure. Furthermore, the settlement rule has a drastic effect on the players' strategies, which induces that the automated negotiation process does not significantly increase the likelihood of a settlement. The ability of the procedure to generate efficiency is only due to the costs imposed on parties if a disagreement occurs, that is the combination of players' risk aversion and uncertainty.     

Competition@eCommerce.eu: An Appropriate European Approach to the Anticompetitive Implications in the Online World

The economic landscape of Europe has undoubtedly been revolutionised over the last few years with the introduction of new technology into business practices. But along with the inevitable benefits a series of antitrust issues have surfaced, which have often disrupted the application of European Competition Law. This article will analyse and discuss the existing legal framework and recent case law with respect to its capacity to pave the way for enterprises to embrace innovation, and argue that – although the current legal system might be satisfactory to a certain extent – the European Commission should make adjustments and promote the idea of self-regulation, if the EU is to be at the forefront of the online world. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

WHAT FAMILY LAWYERS ARE REALLY DOING WHEN THEY NEGOTIATE

How should lawyers negotiate? This article outlines an empirical study of how lawyers rate each other in negotiation behaviors. After discussing what skills are needed for effective negotiation behavior, we then look more closely at how family lawyers in particular are negotiating. Examining some troubling data, we find that family lawyers appear to be more adversarial and less problem solving than other types of practitioners. We conclude by discussing why this might be so and what the family law bar and family law professors should be doing in the future to address this problem.     

WTO体制中成员集团化趋向发展及中国的选择析论

多哈发展议程启动以来,成员集团化的趋向逐渐凸现并得到进一步强化,国家或地区的利益集团组合对多边贸易体制产生了深刻影响.主要谈判议题处于几大利益集团对峙的场域.国家利益集团化有利于集体优势的发挥,改变了谈判的传统格局,但同时也产生了新的问题.其生成机理是多层次的.中国的利益是多方面的,作为发展中国家,应当对此作出自己的战略选择及定位,进而更好地维护国家经济主权和经济权益.     

电子数据鉴定体系建设构想

电子数据鉴定工作在我国起步较晚,电子证据作为一种新型证据,由于其特有的属性,决定了证据的获取、检验、分析及展示均不同于传统证据,需要建立严密、科学规范的电子数据鉴定体系,保证电子证据的完整性、真实性及证明力。     

国外工资集体协商制度实效研究文献综述

工资集体谈判制度最早出现在西方发达资本主义国家,迄今已有200多年的历史。西方学者对该制度作了多角度的理论研究,其研究曾在解决劳资纠纷、和谐劳动关系方面发挥了重要作用,并对我国工资集体协商制度建设有一定的借鉴意义。     

统合主义下的新加坡劳资协调机制

上世纪七十年代以来,新加坡劳资关系一直保持平和状态,这主要得益于新加坡统合主义背景下的劳资政三方合作。该国建立了以政府为主导、以工会为主体的劳资协调机制,其中政府通过人事参与以及政策支持领导和控制工会,工会则通过参与三方协商,推动集体谈判以及兴办合作社等方式增进劳工福利,支持和拥护政府政策。同时,新加坡劳资争议处理的法律体系、协调机构和调解程序的完备,也促进了该国劳动关系的和谐稳定。     

韩国互联网发展的成功要素分析

当今全球互联网正在迅速发展中。韩国的互联网产业在世界上起步较早 ,在基础设施的建设上、国民上网规模上 ,以及互联网的实际利用效果上都走在了世界的前列 ,其发展模式和取得的经验值得中国借鉴和学习。韩国互联网发展的成功要素有社会因素、文化因素和国家政策因素