Why Do We Respond to a Concession with Another Concession? Reciprocity and Compromise

All negotiation processes involve an exchange of concessions, and compromise is an agreement based on mutual concessions. Hence the questions investigated in this article: Why are concessions in negotiations always reciprocal? Why do negotiators follow this rule? And why do negotiators achieve these concessions through a process that we call compromise? Is there a connection between conceding and promising? In this article, I examine the structure of concession making and compromise through sociological, anthropological, and etymological lenses to better illuminate this critical negotiation component.     

Confrontations on the Issue of Terrorism Between Iran and the U.S. after 1979

The issue of terrorism has been a significant source of influence on the relationship between Iran and the U.S. since the Islamic Revolution. Iran's friendship with extremist groups that are designated as terrorist groups by the U.S. State Department is seriously challenging America's foreign policy. This article attempts to explore the prospect of confrontations on the issue of terrorism between Iran and the U.S. through a detailed analysis of their different interpretations and mutual recognitions of terrorism and through an in-depth analysis of the measures each party has taken regarding this confrontation. This article argues that the confrontation between Iran and the U.S. regarding the issue of terrorism is not strictly about terrorism. Rather, it is also about the conflicts of policies that result from different security interests and political values. Resolving the issue of terrorism depends on the reconciliation of the relationship between Iran and the U.S. Without mutual trust between the two nations, Iran will continue to support extremist groups in order to increase its influence against the external and internal pressures it is currently under, and the U.S. will continue to contain Iran's regional ambitions and seek changes in its behavior.     

论国际航空运输电子合同的法律适用

国际航空运输协会(IATA)为了在全球范围内统一行业运营标准,要求其成员国的航空公司2007年年底之前在旅客运输业务方面全面采用电子机票,实现整个流程的无纸化.我国作为成员国,按照协会的要求逐渐在国内和国际航线上普及了电子机票,随之也带来了很多法律上的问题.尤其在国际航空旅客运输过程中,由于跨越不同的法域,不可避免地会引起国家或地区间的法律冲突;所以随着国际航空电子机票的全面使用,相关的法律适用问题应该引起我们足够的重视.对此,我们应该参照国际公约的规定对我国的相关法律进行修改,明确规定国际航空运输电子合同诸要素的法律适用,并在现有的基础上确立更加科学的管辖权制度.     

Conflict Intelligence and Systemic Wisdom: Meta‐Competencies for Engaging Conflict in a Complex,Dynamic World

Over the last one hundred years, conflict researchers have developed a host of theories about which competencies and skills are most conducive to the constructive management of conflict. Our standard models and methods for conflict resolution, however, are particularly challenged in the face of the world's increasing complexity, dynamism, and unpredictability. In this article, I describe a new framework for addressing these challenges. Based on insights from research in complexity science, psychology, and peace and conflict studies, this framework comprises two meta‐competencies that help individuals resolve conflict and promote more constructive and peaceful relations in our rapidly changing world.     

Cognitive Maelstroms,Nested Negotiation Networks,and Cascading Decision Effects: Modeling and Teaching Negotiation Complexity with Systemic Multiconstituency Exercises

Negotiation practitioners today struggle to manage complex political, economic, and cultural disputes that often involve an array of intertwined issues, parties, process choices, and consequences – both intended and unintended. To prepare next‐generation negotiators for these multifaceted challenges, negotiation instructors must keep pace with the rapidly evolving complexity of today's world. In this article, we introduce systemic multiconstituency exercises (SMCEs), a new educational tool for capturing this emerging reality and helping to close the experiential learning gap between the simulated and the non‐simulated environment. We discuss our pedagogical rationale for developing The Transition, a seventy‐two‐party SMCE inspired by the complex conflicts in Afghanistan and Central Asia and then describe our experiences conducting multiple iterations of this simulation at Harvard University. We argue that SMCEs, in which stakeholders are embedded in clusters of overlapping networks, differ from conventional multiparty exercises because of their immersive character, emergent properties, and dynamic architecture. This design allows for the creation of crucial negotiation complexity challenges within a simulated exercise context, most importantly what we call “cognitive maelstroms,” nested negotiation networks, and cascading decision effects. Because of these features, SMCEs are uniquely suited for training participants in the art of network thinking in complex negotiations. Properly designed and executed, systemic multiconstituency exercises are next‐generation teaching, training, and research platforms that carefully integrate negotiation, leadership, and decision‐making challenges.     

From Lab Experiments to Real Negotiations: An Investigation of International Iron Ore Negotiations

Negotiation researchers have conducted a large number of experimental lab studies to identify the factors that affect negotiation outcomes, but it remains unclear whether those results can be generalized to real‐world negotiations. To explore this question, we analyzed the dynamic international iron ore annual negotiations that took place from 2005 to 2009. We found evidence that supports two important findings from previous experiments. Specifically, we focused on the impact of negotiators’ best alternatives and first offers on negotiation prices using multiple case study analysis. We found that iron ore prices increased more when the gap between the previous year's negotiated price and the price on the alternative spot market, a public market in which commodities are traded for immediate delivery, was larger, which suggested that buyers were sensitive to the strength of this alternative, supporting the literature on the role of alternatives. We also found that the first offer price significantly influenced the final price. Our findings extend two important experimental findings from the negotiation literature to large‐scale business negotiations in the real world.     

论反劫持谈判过程(上)

从中外反劫持谈判的活动来看,这种谈判可以相应地划分成有着相互联系的四个阶段。每个阶段中自有不同的侧重点、实现的具体任务、活动的特征、注意的问题．谈判者如果能做到。中有数、控制有方,就会在各个阶段中发挥出惊人的谈判作用．实现比武力解救更好的效果.     

电子出版物在图书馆中的应用与发展新思路

各类电子出版物的蓬勃兴起,给图书馆馆藏发展拓宽了空间,带来了极好的发展机会。如何利用电子出版物、善用多媒体光盘电子图书、引用电子资源服务系统、整合电子资源,使之能被图书馆更充分、更有效地推广和运用成为图书馆的当务之急。     

论环境行政处罚裁量的规制——以生态环境治理体系现代化为框架

面对日益激增的环境风险，立法规制局限、司法规制消极、行政规制乏力，难以规制环境行政处罚裁量权的行使，更增加环境行政处罚决定的履行难度。现代化生态环境治理体系构筑的政府、企业、社会公众三元主体结构，为环境行政处罚裁量规制提供了新的框架。在此三元结构框架下，以传统行政理论为基础，可以形成行政自制、协商规制、社会规制，共同作用于在环境行政全过程，规范并制约环境行政处罚裁量的行使。     

微信电子证据的收集和审查判断

在刑事诉讼领域,微信电子证据被越来越广泛地运用,有些微信电子证据甚至成为认定案件事实的关键证据。目前,司法实践中对于微信电子证据适用存在诸多疑难问题。在法治层面上进一步完善微信电子证据收集程序,健全微信电子证据的审查判断标准,需要结合立法和司法实践进行深入探讨,从而实现微信电子证据审查判断的规范化。