IMF conditionality: An approach based on the theory of special interest politics

Financial assistance provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other International Financial Institutions (IFIs) aims to help member countries reduce their economic policy distortions. Because these distortions are endogenously generated, it is important to understand how IFI assistance interacts with the domestic political economy. In this paper, we review recent models of IFI conditional assistance that are based on the theory of special interest politics (Grossman and Helpman 2001). In these models, governments adopt inefficient economic policies and instruments because of lobbying by interest groups. IFI assistance helps reduce these inefficiencies, at least under perfect and symmetric information, and provided IFIs are representative of the general public in creditor and debtor countries. Factors limiting the effectiveness of conditional assistance as an incentive system are also identified. These are related to information asymmetries, the potential for political instability in debtor countries, and the IFIs’ own financial solvency.

论罪犯心理矫治中感情势能的消解对策

罪犯感情势能的形成和积累,给罪犯带来各种各样的情感困扰,使罪犯产生心理问题,不仅对罪犯自身的服刑改造产生影响作用,而且对罪犯的身心健康也有着极大的影响作用。因此,防止罪犯感情势能在罪犯体内形成和积累,让罪犯学会及时宣泄自己的不良情绪,使心理恢复平衡,把握宣泄不良情绪、情感的方法,有效地、科学地把消极情感"零存整取"地排解出去,是保持罪犯身心健康的有效手段。     

对手机短信陷阱现状的调查与思考

随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善,经济活动空前活跃,个体的主体意识觉醒和加强,人们的价值观念和行为准则也发生了深刻的变化。经济领域中敲诈勒索、坑蒙拐骗层出不穷,对此,必须从体制上、法律上、道德规范上进行综合治理,经济主体保持充分的经济理性,这样才能使得整个社会经济健康、稳定、持续发展。     

A Political Economy Perspective of Judicial Review in the European Union: Judicial Appointments Rule, Accessibility and Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice

The paper examines the benefits the sovereign member states of the EU expect to derive by granting the European Court of Justice the power to review the collective policy making decisions of the EU legislative bodies. Using the methodology of constitutional political economy it investigates the one-country one-judge rule of judicial appointments in the ECJ, the restrictions imposed on litigants to access the ECJ and the limits on the jurisdiction of the ECJ to review EU legislation. It also analyses how the presence of judicial review affects the size of the policy measures taken by the policy makers.     

关于对法律进行经济分析的三个角度

法律的经济分析应当包括宏观和微观、规范和实证的分析。对法律的经济分析有三个角度 :从经济决定论角度 ,从市场经济的制度基础角度 ,从微观经济分析角度。广义的经济分析法学应当将上述三个角度的分析都纳入其中。经济决定法律是马克思主义法理学的精髓和基石 ,法治是市场经济的制度基础 ,效率是法律改革的目标 ,三者有机统一可以构成法律的经济分析的宏观和微观样式     

市场经济体制下人民警察核心价值观的构建

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善，人民警察核心价值观的构建应适应市场发展的客观需要，符合市场自由经济本质对警察的定位要求。社会主义市场经济条件下警察核心价值观的内涵是忠诚、公正、服务、奉献。警察核心价值观须通过思想沟通与教育、典型示范、立足窗口服务、打造警察文化、加强载体建设等工作来宣传和培育。     

中共中央北方局各抗日根据地的财政经济工作

驱逐日本帝国主义出中国,必须实行全面抗战。其中,抗日的财政经济建设是一项不可缺少的重要工作。中共中央北方局陆续制定了一系列经济政策和财政制度,并不断规范,取得了良好效果,有力地支持了中国人民的抗战事业。     

我国新能源开发利用过程中的金融与政策支持

面对经济社会的持续发展,人类面临了前所未有的能源压力,这在中国表现得尤为突出,对此,除了"节流(降低能耗)",就是"开源",进行新能源的开发利用.然而,新能源开发利用过程中离不开相应的金融与政策支持.必须进一步深化金融体制、财税体制改革,充分"开拓"金融政策、产业政策、价格政策和财税政策的潜力,充分发挥其政策的调节和引导作用,在不断提高(单位)能效的基础上,改善现有能源结构,提高新能源开发利用的效率.     

On the concept of the “economic constitution” and the importance of Franz Böhm from the viewpoint of legal history

During its development, the concept of an economic constitution embraced varying elements. At the birth of the Federal Republic, these elements stood in sharp contrast to each other. After World War I Hugo Sinzheimer associated the concept with theGemeinwirtschaft (publicly controlled economy) as an expression of the organized economy of the Weimar Reichsverfassung. Franz Böhm deserves recognition for having cast the idea of competition into legal forms; thus he laid the foundation of our economic order and opened new horizons for the concept of economic constitution.     

The Constitutional and Political Economy of Trade Protection

This essay reviews Trade Protection in the United States (Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995) by Charles K. Rowley, Willem Thorbecke and Richard E. Wagner. The book stimulates a radical rethinking of trade policy, with results that are applicable well beyond the political framework of the United States. The authors—all advocates of the Virginia public choice school of thought—provide a lucid explanation of the formation of trade policy and systematically explain the many paradoxes of endogenous policymaking. They assess the main players in the process of trade policy formation and rigorously explain the dynamic interaction of the various political organs involved. The authors conclude that unilateral free trade cannot be achieved through the ordinary legislative process, and make a compelling case for Constitutional reform. Given the fragility of free trade equilibria and the inadequacy of bilateral and multilateral trade treaties for a stable free trade environment, the right to trade should be constitutionally guaranteed as an individual right. Considering the relevance of the authors' conclusions in this phase of consolidation of European trade policymaking, this essay examines the proposed unilateral free trade amendment, addresses the game theoretic implications, in light of viable alternatives.