A Quantum of Force: The Consequences of Counting Routine Conducted Energy Weapon Punctures as Injuries

In a recent paper, researchers reported increases in the risk of citizen injury associated with police use of conducted energy devices (CEWs), a finding that is contrary to that reported in most previous studies. These authors speculate that the differences in findings when compared to other similar studies may be due, in part, to the exclusion of routine CEW dart punctures as injuries by other researchers, and they called on the research community to collectively agree on how CEW injuries should be operationalized. In this paper, we empirically demonstrate the differences in findings when routine CEW puncture wounds are included as citizen injuries and when they are not. Ultimately, we reject the authors’ measurement approach as inconsistent with how injuries associated with other types of force are routinely coded and measured.     

扫描电镜/能谱观察溺死和死后入水的法医学应用研究

目的探讨扫描电镜/能谱分析在溺死的法医学鉴定中的作用。方法实验选用20例已知生前入水尸体,11例已知的死后入水尸体和2例陆地死亡尸体。在每个肺叶各取3个切面,每个切面用扫描电镜取样台胶面与肺叶的切面充分接触,另在落水地点取水样一份,进行对比。扫描电镜取样台胶在切面上充分接触后封闭取材盒,真空干燥后,直接在扫描电镜下进行观察。结果20例生前入水尸体在肺组织中均检出异物颗粒,并且与对照水样中检出的异物颗粒相吻合;而死后入水的尸体和在陆地上死亡的尸体肺组织中均未检出明显的异物颗粒,3者比较P<0.0001。在肺组织支气管切面中,生前入水的20例中有15例检出异物颗粒,在边缘肺切面及中间切面中分别有13例检出异物颗粒,统计学无明显差异。结论本实验建立的肺脏内异物颗粒取材方法准确可靠实用。对综合判断案件的性质,判断溺死尸体入水地点的具有积极意义。较好地解决了实验室检验中的污染问题。腐败尸体对检测结果无影响。     

东北亚区域经济合作新态势:俄韩经济合作及其影响

近年来,东北亚区域经济合作取得了较大进展,在关于合作的发展前景和模式方面,各国学者进行了积极的探索。尽管东北亚区域经济合作面临着诸多障碍:各国间政治关系复杂,社会差异巨大等,然而,在近年来的合作实践中,双边或三边合作在清除障碍、提高区域合作方面却取得明显的效果,形成东北亚区域经济合作发展的新态势。在双边合作中,俄韩经济合作具有一定的代表性,实效鲜明,对其进行探讨,深入研究新形势下东北亚区域经济合作的发展模式不无裨益。     

西安市节能降耗的对策研究

我国正处于工业化、城镇化进程加快的时期,能源消费强度较高,是世界第二大能源生产国,能源供需矛盾突出,环境压力日益增大。努力缓解资源不足的矛盾,不断改善生态环境,实现可持续发展,节能降耗已经成为十分紧迫的任务。西安应加快技术进步和能源结构调整,建立促进节能降耗的有效体制,正确认识节能降耗同经济增长的关系,树立又好又快发展理念。     

我国诱惑侦查制度的立法建构

诱惑侦查作为一种特殊的侦查手段,已为我国侦查机关广泛运用,但由于我国的立法对此未作出具体明确的规定,衍生出一系列的问题。因此,我国应在考察、借鉴各主要法治国家处理诱惑侦查经验的基础上,明确承认和规制我国的诱惑侦查,从而促进刑事侦查法制的改进与完善。     

比较优势理论在中国现阶段的适用性实证

比较优势理论是国际贸易理论的基石,不但在很大程度上解释了国际贸易发生的原因和指出了一个国家或地区发展国际贸易的方向,也是一个国家或地区制定经济发展战略的重要基础经济理论之一。有数据实证分析说明,中国当前的国际贸易产品结构中显示出了与中国要素禀赋结构相一致的比较优势,从而验证了中国经济的增长受益于遵循比较优势的发展,因此,中国未来的经济发展战略仍然应该建立在遵循比较优势的发展理论基础之上。     

节能降耗,必须行政和市场两手都要硬

节能降耗既要靠行政手段,也要靠市场手段。行政手段明确导向,市场手段因势利导,应将两者有机结合起来,双管齐下,把强化政府责任作为实现节能降耗和污染减排目标的关键环节,把完善市场调节机制作为基本手段,以建立长效机制,取得根本性的突破。     

特大爆炸案的冲击能量与构建社会缓冲体系

特大爆炸案会释放出很大的能量,除了对炸点周围的环境形成强大的冲击波,还会对社会环境形成强大的冲击,给该地区政局、经济和人们心理带来沉重的打击。构建强力社会缓冲体系,应建立统一指挥体制下的快速反应机制,法制下的新闻管控制度,帮助弱势群体的社会保障机制,并迅速采取稳定民心、稳定社会秩序的基本措施,以及定期开展各类模拟实战演练活动,以抵御和延缓爆炸冲击能量的释放。     

美国的中亚战略及前景

冷战后尤其是“9.11”事件发生以来,中亚地区对于世界各大国或相关地区强国的地缘和能源战略的重要性凸显。美国作为一超,在企图独霸世界的全球战略中逐渐认识到中亚地区的重要性并逐步调整其中亚战略,其成就令其他利益角逐者刮目相看。但是,美国在追求自己的战略目标和利益诉求过程中不可能一帆风顺,会受到很多内外因素的影响和掣肘。中亚地区的未来不会取决于美国的一厢情愿,但是美国依然会将建立和加强中亚地区平衡作为自身在欧亚大陆综合性地缘战略的一个主要目标。     

Effects of kinetic energy and firearm-to-target distance on fracture behavior in flat bones

This research implements a fractographic approach to investigate the relationships between kinetic energy, firearm-to-target distance, and various aspects of fracture behavior in gunshot trauma. Gunshot experiments were performed on pig scapulae (n = 30) using three firearms generating different muzzle (initial) kinetic energies, including a 0.32 pistol (103 J), 0.40 pistol (492 J), and 0.308 rifle (2275 J). Specimens were shot from two distances: 10 cm (n = 15) and 110 cm (n = 15). Features evaluated in fractographic analysis such as cone cracks, radiating cracks, crack branching points, and circumferential cracks could be easily identified and measured in flat bones and allowed for statistical comparison of crack propagation behavior under different impact conditions. Higher-energy bullets produced more radiating cracks, more crack branching points, and longer fracture lengths than lower-energy bullets. Distance had no significant effect on fracture morphology at the distances tested. That quantitative measures of crack propagation varied with energy affirms that kinetic energy transfer is important in determining the nature and extent of fracture in gunshot wounds and suggests it may be possible to infer relatively high- versus relatively low-energy transfer using these features. Ranges obtained with the three firearms exhibited considerable overlap, however, indicating that other variables such as bullet caliber, mass, and construction influence the efficiency of energy transfer from bullet to bone. Therefore, fracture morphology cannot be used to identify a specific firearm or to directly reconstruct the muzzle (initial) kinetic energy in forensic cases.