中国海外能源投资的地缘风险与法律对策

中国海外能源投资在欧美、非洲和拉丁美洲具有明显的地缘特点,面临的风险也带有一定的地缘特征,因而有必要采取相应的法律对策.中国能源企业在欧美主要通过跨国并购进行投资,主要面临政府许可风险,其对策主要在于如何以法律手段通过国家安全审查;在非洲的投资主要采取国家契约的方式,主要面临政治风险,需要强化投资保护协定和反恐对策;在拉丁美洲的投资则主要面临卡尔沃主义带来的法律变更风险和国有化与征收风险,需要加强国家契约条款的保护和灵活运用CISID仲裁机制加以保护.     

论石油储备模式的中国选择

在当今世界能源格局中,石油无疑占据着核心地位,是支撑国民经济持续发展和国防现代化的重要能源。对石油储备主体的选择,亦是对石油储备模式的选择;对承担国家石油储备主体认知的不同,亦表征着对储备模式的一种价值取向与事实判断。对我国石油储备模式的选择是以政府储备为主导,还是以企业储备为主导,抑或是以政府储备与企业储备相结合为主导,在法律层面上主要表现为＂政府型＂石油储备模式、＂政策型＂石油储备模式以及＂混合型＂石油储备模式三种模式。本文认为,根据我国的现实国情,建立以政府为主导的＂混合型＂石油储备模式,有利于较快地建立起石油储备基地,完善相关的规章制度,进一步形成契合生态文明理念诉求的能源法制保障体系,维护我国的国家安全与根本利益。     

自由贸易体制下的“绿色能源空间”——以加拿大可再生能源发电设施补贴案为视角

上诉机构通过加拿大可再生能源发电设施案的处理,认为成员方旨在"创建"可再生能源市场的财政资助措施并不构成补贴,但干预如超出所需并"扭曲"市场,则可能构成补贴。上诉机构"创建市场"和"扭曲市场"的二分论虽然在一定程度上保留了成员方资助可再生能源市场的政策空间,但也存在较大的不确定性。在WTO涵盖协定下拓宽绿色能源空间,宜对SCM协定进行修订,将成员方财政资助可再生能源产业的措施列为"不可诉补贴"予以豁免。     

Britain's smart meter programme: A case study in privacy by design

Following requirements in the 1996 EU Energy Efficiency Directive, member states are developing programmes to encourage the installation of ‘smart’ power meters that record much larger quantities of data about power usage than traditional meters. These data can reveal a great deal of information about individual household activity, leading privacy regulators to call for privacy to be ‘designed in’ to these systems. The British smart metering programme has given some attention to this privacy by design process. This article assesses its effectiveness in this case, using documentary analysis, participant observation, and follow-up interviews with a range of stakeholders. It finds that decisions made early in the British programme had negative privacy impacts that have only been partially remedied by the later development of detailed rules on the processing of smart meter data by energy suppliers and distributors. The article also considers broader lessons for the privacy by design approach.     

The Determinants of Salience of Energy Issues

Studies show that salience of an issue influences the behavior of political elites, policy responses, and the attitudes of the public. Yet while the effects of salience are given considerable attention, less is known about the factors that produce salience. Specifically, what are the determinants of an issue's salience? We examine salience of energy issues in the United States over the past six decades and make two contributions. First, we provide systematic explanations of issue salience. Second, contrary to popular conceptions that energy salience is driven entirely by gasoline prices, or some scholarly analyses that salience depends on crises, we argue that other factors increase salience. Specifically, we find that political actors and activities increase energy salience, even after controlling for higher gas prices and shocks. This is an important finding; political dynamics enhance salience. Meaningful political action, therefore, driven by enhanced salience, is not entirely dependent on market forces or unplanned events.     

Energy Abundance or Environmental Worries? Analyzing Public Support for Fracking in the United States

This paper provides an analysis of public attitudes toward fracking use and policies with an eye toward factors that help us account for differing levels of support. Using data from a national survey of American adults, we found that women and people residing in urban areas are slightly more inclined to oppose fracking and to favor more regulation in terms of drilling operations and company chemical disclosure requirements than men or people living in rural areas. Our key findings, however, are that opposition to fracking and support for current or increased levels of regulation are strongly related to Democratic Party identification and to pro‐environmental policy attitudes. We conclude by suggesting that a tendency for people to view fracking as an environmental rather than an energy issue has potentially important implications for the implementation of locally based regulatory requirements.     

试论我国生态文明建设的基本目标和基础工程

人口、资源、能源、环境、生态和灾害是自然界的最基本的物质力量,是影响和制约社会存在和发展的基本条件,其可持续性构成了一切持续性的基础。这样,维持和加强上述因子的可持续性就成为生态文明建设的基本目标和基础工程。我国生态文明建设的基本目标和基础工程是,建设一个人口均衡型社会、资源和能源节约型社会、环境友好型社会、生态安全型社会和灾害防减型社会。在此基础上,我们才能夯实生态文明的自然物质基础。     

北京市低碳交通发展现状、问题与对策研究

在快速城市化进程中,北京市交通设施建设发展迅猛,机动车辆随之增加,由此带来的交通拥堵、能源消耗和碳排放问题日益凸显。该文以北京市2005年至2010年居民出行调查资料为基础,运用低碳交通模型,预测在不同情景模式下各交通方式的发展情况,对不同交通方式的二氧化碳排放量进行计算,分析得出大力发展公共交通及零污染的自行车等交通是北京市实现低碳交通的必然趋势,并提出北京市未来实现低碳交通发展战略及政策治理方面的对策措施。     

近年日本转变经济发展方式新进展

近年日本高度重视转变经济发展方式.尤其是在2011年3月11日东日本遭遇到9级震灾、海啸、核危机的冲击,严重考验了国民经济的情况下,日本在转变经济发展方式上又有新进展.文章在简介日本转变经济发展方式现状的基础上,对其突出特点、重要举措及背景分析等问题进行探讨.当前,在中国加快转变经济发展方式的关键时期,深入研究日本在这方面的经验及做法有重要的现实意义.     

Analysis and discrimination of electrical tapes: part II. Backings

The backings of 90 black electrical tapes were analyzed to evaluate the chemical components of these films, the ability of individual techniques to discriminate samples, and the ability of the techniques combined to distinguish samples. The techniques utilized and their respective discrimination results were stereomicroscopy and physical measurements, to include observation of surface features of the backing, width, and thickness measurements (c. 64%); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using a microscope accessory (c. 83%); pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS; c. 81%); and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS; c. 87%). Ninety-four percent of the backings were discriminated through this combination of analytical methods. Finally, evaluating these results in conjunction with previously published data on the analysis of the adhesives from the same set of electrical tapes provided an overall discrimination of nearly 96%.