浅谈变频调速技术在火化机中的应用

文中阐述了变频调速的工作原理,并对其在火化机工况中的使用情况和效果进行了分析,同时还就其与传统的火化机电机控制方法进行了比较。     

Interlocal collaboration and local climate protection

ABSTRACT

The influences of state government have been curiously absent from most studies of collaboration among cities. Extant research on city collaboration which promotes on climate and environmental sustainability issues focuses primarily on local-level institutions, politics, and processes. Thus, the role of states to constrain or facilitate collaboration among local governments needs to be more fully accounted for. Building on transaction cost and institutional collective action theory and drawing on data from a national survey of US cities, we investigate the influences of city-level factors together with the hierarchical effects of state rules and policies on the extent to which mechanisms for interlocal collaboration are employed in pursuing climate protection and renewable energy development goals. The results confirm predictions that multilevel intergovernmental forces influence the extent to which cities collaborate. These results have both theoretical and practical implications for understanding interlocal collaborations.     

State Environmental Policies: Analyzing Green Building Mandates

This research addresses state requirements that public facilities be constructed as “green buildings” that promote environmental friendly, energy efficient, and healthy workplaces. We consider state choices to adopt green building mandates and the form of their policy enactment. In considering the way that low salience issues like green buildings get on state agendas and the circumstances under which governors decide to engage the issue, we extend William Gormley's (1986) depiction of “board room” regulatory politics. State energy agencies provide an attention‐focusing role while governors behave strategically in deciding whether to issue executive orders about green buildings. This research adds to the growing understanding of states as innovators in aspects of environmental policy not normally subject to state regulation.     

从建设新型能源和工业基地看太原产业集群化发展趋势及对策

中部崛起战略的实施,为中部六省区的发展提供了大好机遇。太原作为中部六省会之一,积极强化省会意识,努力建设"服务全省、影响全国、吸引世界"的新太原,建设新型能源和工业基地是其重要战略之一。在实施这一战略过程中,应以实现区域经济协调发展为目标,坚持内外结合,充分发挥自身资源和区位优势,大力实施集群化发展战略,从借外力、用内力、发展园区经济、壮大县域经济、注重发挥政府和市场双重作用等多方面推动本地区产业集群化发展,全面增强太原地区工业经济的对外竞争力和综合经济实力。     

子弹弹头及弹壳成分比较研究

目的对子弹物证进行成分分析可为涉枪案件的侦查提供科学依据。本实验旨在通过研究子弹弹头及弹壳的元素组成快速区分不同子弹,为推断子弹来源提供关键信息。方法收集不同厂家在1958-2019年不同批次生产的多种型号的子弹样品53份,应用扫描电镜能谱法(SEM/EDX)对样品的弹头内芯、弹头披甲和弹壳金属成分进行研究。结果结果显示多数子弹弹头内芯由纯铅构成,部分批次较晚的弹头为铅锑合金,另有两枚批次较早子弹为铁弹头;除六枚5.6mm运动步枪弹的弹头披甲以及四枚791厂样品的弹壳无明显特征外,其余子弹的弹头披甲和弹壳均为三类铜锌合金中的一种:含铜量83.7%~84.7%、87.6%~90.6%以及67.0%~69.8%的铜锌合金。同型号同厂家子弹所使用弹头披甲及弹壳材料的特征相似,同型号不同厂家、同厂家不同型号的子弹弹头披甲和弹壳材料则具有一定差异。近六十年来121厂样品子弹弹头披甲均为含铜量87.6%~90.6%的铜锌合金,弹壳材料为含铜量67.0%~69.8%的铜锌合金,其为该厂固定使用的铜锌合金原材料的可能性较高。791厂样品中有四种型号的子弹弹壳均为含锰量0.7%~0.9%的铁锰合金,这种合金在其他厂家并未出现,其为791厂弹壳特征原材料的可能性较高。结论掌握子弹弹头及弹壳的元素组成特征可以对不同子弹进行有效识别。     

China’s Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool: A Case of Policy Diffusion or Domestic Drivers?

China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China’s 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system’s design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS and in the subsequent design process, seen in relation to domestic drivers. The article investigates policy developments culminating in the 2011 carbon market announcement, and the reasons these design elements were chosen for the pilot schemes and the national market in the period 2011–2017. The article contributes to our understanding of policy diffusion at different stages of policy development in China, by revealing which diffusion mechanism is more prevalent at different stages. We find first that overall domestic conditions and drivers had the most consistent impact on policy decisions to establish a carbon market and on the selected sectors. However, a second key finding is that the role of policy diffusion varied over time, with such diffusion, in the form of ideational impact, playing the most important role early on, providing a powerful inducement for China to go for a carbon market. Third, sophisticated learning from international projects took place in the pilots, allowing China to adapt policies and design features to match local conditions.     

How to Achieve a More Resource‐Efficient and Climate‐Neutral Energy System by 2030? Views of Nordic Stakeholders

The Nordic countries pursue ambitious energy transition goals through national energy policies and in the framework of Nordic cooperation. We propose that the transition is realistic only if it involves the public, private, and nongovernmental organization sectors as regulators, innovators, and advocates of relevant policies and solutions representing the multitude of interests involved. We examine these interests through Q methodological experiments, where 43 expert stakeholders’ rank‐order statements concerning their preferred policy measures vis‐à‐vis the electric energy system. Factor analysis of these subjectively held views produces three distinct views. The first two enjoy strong inter‐Nordic support. The first view prioritizes market and grid development, and the second view prioritizes electric transport, and solar and wind power. The third, “Finnish” view seeks to enhance security of supply, also via microgrids, and prioritizes biofuels over electric transport. Examining the common ground among the three views, we find that enhanced cooperation requires reinforced stakeholder interaction and policy coordination.     

Authoritarian but responsive: Local regulation of industrial energy efficiency in Jiangsu,China

Regulatory behavior and effectiveness in authoritarian settings are subject to alternative characterizations. By tracing enforcement processes through a variety of case studies, this article proposes and refines a new model, at least with respect to energy efficiency regulations in China: authoritarian but responsive. Local rulemaking and operationalization is authoritarian, with strong and coordinative bodies of regulation, strategic plans, and active involvement of local authorities. Local authorities, however, often find themselves facing a welter of laws imposed on companies that create competing priorities for these local officials who then must struggle to find pragmatic solutions. On numerous occasions, such satisficing behavior by local officials makes them responsive to the performance and demands of regulated firms. Embedded in the decentralized authoritarian context, the authoritarian but responsive approach is found to be a rational choice of local governments and different from previous conceptualizations. It helps local governments coordinate across a diverse array of regulatory issues. Drawing on environmental enforcement in China, the model provides consistent explanations for the seemingly changing and discretionary enforcement incidents.     

Does Power Sector Deregulation Promote or Discourage Renewable Energy Policy? Evidence from the States, 1991–2012

Both within the United States and across the world, power sector deregulation has changed the environment in which governments formulate renewable energy policy. Utilizing data from U.S. states for the 1991–2012 period, this article shows that there is no difference in the adoption of new renewable energy policy in states that have and have not already gone through power sector deregulation. However, the evidence also shows that governments formulate renewable energy policy as part of a legislative package for power sector deregulation in a dynamic we call issue linkage. While power sector deregulation is neither an impediment nor an impetus to renewable energy policy, the strategic challenge of passing deregulatory legislation requires concessions to constituencies that prefer renewables. For policy makers, the results are important because they indicate that deeper reforms in electricity generation are consistent with more ambitious renewable energy policy.     

Regulatory Domain and Regulatory Dexterity: Critiquing the UK Governance of ‘Fracking’

This article provides a critique of the UK government's regulatory response to ‘fracking’. It shows how government has adopted two distinct schemas of regulation, which may usefully be classified under the headings ‘regulatory domain’ and ‘regulatory dexterity’. These schemas rely on very different interpretive conventions and are in many ways contradictory. Yet, government uses both ‘domain’ and ‘dexterity’ arguments simultaneously in order to advance its policy in favour of fracking. The article explains how two seemingly different regulatory approaches work together towards the same policy goal, and highlights the role of law in facilitating technological development.