论经验法则在司法上的功能与应用

在审判实务上,无论是对案件事实的认定还是选择适用法律,均离不开经验法则。经验法则在盖然性上的强弱直接影响着法官对待证事实形成心证的状态,也影响着法官对于证据的自由评价。在认定案件事实上,经验法则与相关证据在功能作用上既相互关联,又互为区别。法官自应有一个对经验法则进行发现、认知、选择、判断和采纳的过程,并应密切关注其妥适性,以维护司法的公信度。     

论经验法则在司法上的功能与应用

在审判实务上,无论是对案件事实的认定还是选择适用法律,均离不开经验法则.经验法则在盖然性上的强弱直接影响着法官对待证事实形成心证的状态,也影响着法官对于证据的自由评价.在认定案件事实上,经验法则与相关证据在功能作用上既相互关联,又互为区别.法官自应有一个对经验法则进行发现、认知、选择、判断和采纳的过程,并应密切关注其妥...     

法律人类学研究的方法及运用——以监狱的调查研究为例

人类学是以研究文化的现象为主的一门学科,如果将法律作为一种文化现象来看待,那么法律人类学的出现就不足为奇了。法律人类学有其特殊的研究方法,特别是它的田野调查法、文献研究法、深度访谈法、视频观察法对法律现象的探讨的帮助是很大的。完善法律人类学研究的方法,也是对监狱这一特殊领域进行学术深描的需要。     

Polls,coalition signals and strategic voting: An experimental investigation of perceptions and effects

Polls and coalition signals can help strategic voters in multiparty systems with proportional representation and coalition governments to optimise their vote decision. Using a laboratory experiment embedded in two real election campaigns, this study focuses on voters' attention to and perception of polls and coalition signals. The manipulation of polls and coalition signals allows a causal test of their influence on strategic voting in a realistic environment. The findings suggest that active information acquisition to form fairly accurate perceptions of election outcomes can compensate for the advantage of high political sophistication. The theory of strategic voting is supported by the evidence, but only for a small number of voters. Most insincere vote decisions are explained by other factors. Thus, the common practice to consider all insincere voters as strategic is misleading.     

Public Engagement for Informing Science and Technology Policy: What Do We Know,What Do We Need to Know,and How Will We Get There?

This article examines social science relevant to public engagements and identifies the challenges to the goal of meaningful public input into science and technology policy. Specifically, when considering “which forms, features, and conditions of public engagement are optimal for what purposes, and why?” we find social science has not clarified matters. We offer a model to guide systematic research that defines and empirically connects variations in features and types of public engagement activities to specifically defined variations in effective processes and outcomes. The specification of models, as we have done, will guide policy makers, practitioners, and the public in determining what kinds of engagement techniques are optimal for what kinds of purposes. Our model is presented to start conversations and inspire research that in the future should help to ensure meaningful public participation that meets the promise of contributing thoughtful societal values and perspectives into governmental policies impacting science and technology research.     

鸡马立克氏病病毒HC135分离株的致病性

从辽宁省某鸡场疑似马立克氏病发病鸡外周血淋巴细胞中分离到1株适应鸭胚成纤维细胞生长的马立克氏病病毒(MDV),经蚀斑克隆和细胞传代,成功培育了1株增殖性能稳定的MDV细胞毒株,命名为HC135株;将HC135株第4代细胞培养物分别人工感染非免疫和不同疫苗免疫的SPF鸡,分析其对鸡的致病力,分离毒株攻毒对照组鸡的发病率为100%(10/10),死亡率为30%(3/10);HVT疫苗及HVT/SB1双价疫苗对分离毒株的保护指数分别为22.2和40.0。结果表明,该毒株可以突破HVT疫苗和HVT/SB1双价疫苗的免疫保护,具有特超强毒株(vv+MDV)的特点;也证实了我国商品鸡群中存在vv+MDV毒株。同时比较了HC135株与14株参考毒株的Meq基因序列,发现其Meq基因的ORF内没有基因片段的插入或缺失,推导的氨基酸存在点突变,这种突变符合高毒力毒株的变异规律。     

也论刑事一体化

本文以系统方法 ,对我国学界正在研究的“刑事一体化”进行了解剖与评析 ,指出 :要从系统性的角度对刑事法律及相关的规范、制度、政策在系统优化的过程中加以整合 ,从实体、程序、制度、政策的整体上把握刑法和相关规范的设计、运作 ,从系统性上规制刑事法体系 ;对刑事法的设计和操作要从整体结构的诸多关节点上细察、深究。     

Prescribing engagement in environmental risk assessment for gene drive technology

Gene drive technology is a nascent biotechnology with the potential to purposefully alter or eliminate a species. There have been broad calls for engagement to inform gene drive governance. Over the past seven years, the gene drive community has been developing risk assessment guidelines to determine what form future gene drive risk assessments take, including whether and how they involve engagement. To explore who is developing these guidelines and how engagement in risk assessment is being prescribed, we conduct a document analysis of gene drive risk assessment guideline documents from 2014 to 2020. We found that a narrow set of organizations have developed 10 key guideline documents and that with only one exception the documents prescribe a narrow, vague, or completely absent role for engagement in gene drive risk assessment. Without substantively prescribed engagement in guidelines, the relevance, rigor, and trustworthiness of gene drive risk assessment and governance will suffer.