Police professionalism and cynicism reconsidered: An assessment of measurement issues

A hierarchical logistic model is used to analyze data on Three Strikes-eligible offenders in California and the counties in which they are sentenced. The analysis finds that discretion is widely exercised by elected prosecutors and judges in the administration of Three Strikes. Discretion functions as a “safety valve” and preserves some sentencing proportionality, but may also allow political concerns to influence sentencing decisions. A more conservative political environment is strongly associated with stricter application of the law. Consistent with racial threat theory, eligible felons are more likely to receive Three Strikes sentences in counties with larger Latino populations. However, the size of the black population has no significant effect. Higher unemployment rates are associated with more stringent application of the law. Prosecutorial and judicial discretion benefits offenders unequally. Controlling for legally relevant factors, black offenders are more likely to receive Three Strikes sentences, while younger ones are less likely.     

Third molar development in a London population of White British and Black British or other Black ethnicity

Population differences in dental development between Black and White ethnic groups have been debated but not previously studied in the UK. Using inappropriate data for dental age estimation (DAE) could lead to erroneous results and injustice. Data were collected from dental panoramic radiographs of 5590 subjects aged 6–24 years in a teaching hospital archive. Demirjian stages were determined for left-sided teeth and third molars and data collected regarding hypodontia and third molar agenesis. Third molar development in self-assigned Black British, including other self-assigned Black ethnicity, was compared with that of self-assigned White British subjects. Data were compared for males and females in the two ethnic groups using T-tests for Demirjian Stages A–G of third molar development and Mann-Whitney tests for Stage H once a cut-off age at the maximum age for Stage G had been imposed. Third molar development occurred earlier in subjects of Black ancestry compared to those of White ancestry. While both ethnic groups showed large age ranges for every third molar stage, in female subjects these generally occurred at least 1.5 years earlier, and in males at least one year earlier. Hypodontia and third molar agenesis were more prevalent in White British, but the ethnic difference in third molar development persisted in subjects with complete dentitions. This is a large study that confirms ethnic differences in a London population, emphasises the difficulties of establishing the 18-year-old threshold using DAE, and confirms the risk of overestimating the age of individuals of Black ethnicity using White ethnic reference data.     

加入WTO对民族地区第三产业的影响

加入WTO，民族地区第三产业面临着多方面的挑战，如体制 不 适应、人才流失、弱化产业结构调整空间等；任何事物的发展都不是绝对的，有挑战就有机 遇，民族地区应抓住机遇，采取切实的措施，增强第三产业的国际竞争力。     

调查研究对民族村寨的认识与保护发展

民族村寨既是贵州的基本社区 ,又是民族的基本空间载体 ,一直列为我们调查研究的主要对象。改革开放以来 ,伴随各民族的脱贫致富 ,每个村寨的面貌都发生了不同程度的变化。在西部大开发中 ,进一步加强调查研究 ,提高对民族村寨的认识与保护发展 ,日益凸现出来了     

世纪之交东南亚华人社会的变迁与发展

本文通过分析东南亚华人社会的变迁与发展,提供了世纪之交东南亚华人社会发展的一个侧面。作者认为,20世纪后期,是东南亚华人社会发生大变动的时期。进入21世纪,随着经济全球化和政治民主化的深入发展,东南亚各国的华人社会面临着新的挑战与机会。在不同族群文化与不同族群关系的互动下,东南亚各国的华人社会将与各主体民族一起,在当地化、多元化的方向上迈出更坚实的步伐。     

民族地区生态环境的保护与治理

生态环境是人类社会经济活动的基本要素和物质基础。本文从民族地区生态环境的破坏以及对民族地区产生的危害，探讨了保护生态环境与民族地区可持续发展之间的关系，以及治理民族地区生态环境的对策，最后总结了六点可借鉴的国际经验。     

民族村镇保护与贵州旅游业的发展——黔东南观光人类学研究

民族村镇既是民族文化的空间载体,又是旅游观光的展示实体.只有加大力度保护村镇,才能更好地发展贵州的旅游业.     

把民族调查继续进行下去

本文提出要认识和了解民族 ,必须进行民族调查 ,进而详细阐述了民族调查是民族学研究的主要方法和调查研究现实民族问题是民族学生命力长盛不衰的关键的论点。     

Voting rules in insolvency law: a simple-game theoretic approach

A chief characteristic of modern insolvency law in Canada, Germany, the UK, and the US is the provision for ‘workouts’ or ‘schemes of arrangement’ by which insolvent companies can attempt to rehabilitate the business. If reorganization is chosen, the debtor has to devise a plan of action which will be voted upon by claimants. The voting rules, however, differ in each jurisdiction to a greater or lesser extent and as yet have not been analyzed in any rigorous manner. This paper provides an approach based upon the theory of simple games to analyze the rules in terms of the ease which each of these regimes can pass (or hinder) plans and how these rules distribute value among claimants. We pay particular attention to the role of classification and the effect of coalition formation.     

9·11恐怖事件中的美国华人

震惊世界的“9·11”事件对美国华人社会而言,不仅是一次灾难,也是一次团结起来让美国人重新认识华人社会的机会。