武汉市内环线交通秩序评价及改善

道路交通秩序定量评价与分析是交通管理过程中很重要的一项工作。本课题试图对武汉市内环线道路进行交通秩序评价和分析,并针对存在的问题制定改善交通秩序状况的对策或建议,以达到促进内环线交通安全、畅通、秩序良好之目的。     

韩国废弃物循环利用制度探析

为了解决经济高速增长以及大量生产、大量消费所带来的大量废弃、资源浪费、生态退化和环境污染等问题,韩国较早开始了废弃物的处理和再利用事业,建立和实施了生活废弃物从量制、废弃物保证金制度及负担金制度、EPR制度等,结果废弃物的再利用率得到了不断的提高。虽然这些制度还存在一些问题,有待于在实践中进一步完善,但韩国在这方面所做的努力和探索,会给我们提供有益的启示。     

人民币汇率构成对中国出口产品的财政资助吗?

近来以美国为代表的西方对人民币汇率的一项主要指责是将所谓人民币汇率低估与中国对出口产品的补贴挂钩,指责人民币汇率构成WTO法上的补贴,并以提交国际或国内解决相威胁。通过WTO《反补贴协定》对财政资助的规定进行研究表明,人民币汇率既不构成WTO《反补贴协定》第1条第1款(a)项规定的财政资助,也不符合《反补贴协定》例示性清单的例举,不构成我国对出口产品的财政资助和出口补贴。美国这些举动的意图不排除是通过施压欲收到不战而胜的效果,但我国应对这些举动进行跟踪研究,做好充分准备。     

人民币应该升值吗？—兼论人民币汇率制度取向

近年来,有关人民币升值的呼声此起彼伏。人民币在汇率制度的取向上,当前应逐步扩大汇率的波动幅度并实现盯住货币的多元化,从有管理的浮动汇率制度过渡到自由浮动的汇率制度。     

我国低无罪率的现状分析及根源探究

无罪率分狭义与广义。无论与英美法系国家还是与大陆法系其他国家相比,我国无罪率长期以来呈现较低水平（不足0．2％）,2009年降至历史最低水平（仅0．12％）。可以预计在未来几年内,我国低无罪率的状况不会有实质改变。探索低无罪率背后的根源有以下几点：从举证责任角度考虑,我国现行起诉标准与有罪判决标准高度一致是导致有罪判决普遍的主要原因。更多导致我国无罪率低的原因来自法律之外。检察机关的主动撤诉是我国无罪判决少的最重要原因。我国现行撤诉比例在15％左右,在司法实践中,检察机关凭借经验将可预见的无罪判决案件通过撤诉等方式使之提前退出审判程序。此外,法律对检查机关职权的规定与检查机关对检察官管理考核的工作制度不完全一致,导致检察官更加关心有罪的裁判结果;无罪推定原则缺失,刑事诉讼配套机制缺失也是我国无罪率低的重要原因。     

社会问题与教育转型——试论民国时期的学生就业困难(1912—1937)

中国新式学校教育开始于清末,1905年科举制度的废除使它随即成为国家主要制度性教育,毕业生逐渐增多,此系中国教育的重大变革。然而到了民国时期各级各类学校毕业生都遇到了严重的就业困难,表现为毕业生的低就业率和已就业者的职业困境,构成了一个新的教育和社会问题。而这与清末和民国时期的中国教育转型有极大的关系,这种转型是受外部因素影响的急剧变革,该变革使社会的受教育者就业模式快速解体,短时间内天然地导致了学生就业困难。所以如果我们能够把中国的学生就业问题,放在一百年来中国社会改革的过程中来看待,将有助于我们更为客观地理解这个问题。     

The Shadow Price of Social Change and Its Evaluation

This paper analyzes the “shadow price” of social transformation. For the first time, an attempt was made to determine the approaches to measuring this value with regard to nonmarket phenomena and processes, and to apply these approaches in an empirical analysis, based on a representative survey in Russia (N = 1,000) using experimental situations.

Specifically, it quantitatively evaluates (1) the degree of divergence between the real and the ideal structure of the time budget of several important domains of social life; (2) the ratio of social ills to social benefits; (3) individual public welfare functions; and (4) the social cost, legitimated by citizens, of reproducing two fundamental public goods: “the capacity to maintain ‘superpower’ status” and “the well-being of the future generations.”

The authors introduce and operationalize the novel concept of the socially suboptimal product of labor, that is, the product resulting from alienated (or unwilling) labor, and conversely, the product that could potentially result from using unutilized willing labor. In doing so we support the idea of distinguishing productive and unproductive forms within both the notion of labor and the notion of leisure. Aggregated estimates of these values show the share of gross domestic product (GDP) that could be optimized due to a redistribution of the time budget of the population between the main areas of life, according to ideal social preferences.

The balance of social benefits and social ills resulting from the life experiences and activities of individuals is empirically evaluated. We consider this balance, which is the sum of impacts of the social environment on the individual, as a suitable model for explaining how individuals make decisions about whether or not to participate in public life.

“Individual public welfare functions” are assessed empirically, demonstrating that individual utility depends on personal and collective consumption. Empirical testing covered a wide range of nation-building areas with public investment in relevant types of merit and public goods.

Then the authors propose and test on empirical data an opportunity cost approach to evaluating socially legitimate amounts of funding for the fundamental social benefits “superpower” or “additional power” of the nation.

The cost of the public good “well-being of the future generations” is calculated for the Russian sample.

Finally, the estimates of the discount rates of human lives and “healthy and prosperous years of life” were obtained for Russia for the first time.

The findings of the study are relevant for the efficient management of complex socioeconomic systems. The authors strongly believe that revealing the structure of existing social preferences and estimating their impact on various areas of social life will help improve policymaking by explicitly taking into account the specifics of the real social contract between the state and society.     

利用尸体角膜内皮细胞活性率判定死后经过时间的研究

本研究对已知死亡时间的500只非正常死亡者的角膜内皮细胞进行染色观察，以单位面积内的活性内皮细胞与细胞总数之比作为活性率，发现角膜内皮细胞活性率（Endothelialcelllivinsrate，ECLR）随死后经过时间（postmorteminterval，PMI）的延长而逐渐降低，数理分析表明两者之间的关系为负相关，因此，认为检测尸体角膜内皮细胞活性的方法可为法医学推断死后经过时间提供一新的组织学手段。     

The single most polymorphic STR Locus: SE33 performance in U.S. populations

The STR locus SE33 (ACTBP2) located on chromosome 6 (6q14) is arguably the most polymorphic marker examined thus far by the forensic community with a heterozygosity of >0.95 in some populations. Three different primer sets were utilized in this study in order to assess the possibilities of primer binding site mutations. Population variation was measured in 460 U.S. Caucasian, 445 African American, 336 Hispanic, and 202 Asian samples along with mutation rates from almost 400 father–son pairs. In addition, the 10 genomic DNA components in NIST Standard Reference Material SRM 2391b were sequenced and found to exhibit a variety of additional base changes, insertions, and deletions outside of the SE33 repeat region.     

后金融危机下的区域货币合作

东南亚金融危机中,东南亚各国在盯住美元的汇率制度下付出了沉重的代价。危机过后,我国实行有管理的浮动汇率制度,然而金融风暴再次袭来又对我国经济产生了较大影响。综合各种因素,本文阐述了后金融危机时期保持人民币汇率稳定是现实选择。而近期人民币汇率的稳定也充当了区域汇率政策协调的稳定器。只有进一步推进东南亚货币合作进程,才能最为有效地防止危机再次发生,保证东南亚地区经济的稳定。