补充性养老保险对职工养老保险替代率影响的实证分析

随着人口老龄化趋势的加剧,养老金支付压力逐年递增,改革基本养老保险制度迫在眉睫。制度的改革一定程度上会导致职工养老保险替代率降低,发展补充性养老保险制度对提高养老保险的总和替代率起到了重要作用。本文通过构建补充性养老保险替代率的精算模型,测算基本养老保险替代率和职业年金、企业年金替代率,比较机关事业单位和企业职工在养老保险制度改革后的养老保险待遇的变化,并通过比较有无企业年金对企业职工养老保险替代率的影响来倡导企业为职工建立企业年金。     

Revised equations allowing the estimation of the uncertainty associated with the Total Body Water version of the Widmark equation

Widmark calculations are the most commonly used alcohol calculations to estimate a) the amount of alcohol consumed based on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and b) BACs at a set time after consumption of a known amount of alcohol. These calculations are vital in forensic casework. Previous work has demonstrated that using general error propagation-based equations the variability associated with alcohol calculations can be estimated, but these equations have only been determined for the volume of distribution version of the Widmark equation. However, recent investigations have shown that the total body water (TBW) version of the Widmark equation is more reliable than the version that utilizes the apparent volume of distribution of ethanol. To date, there is no general error propagation equation to determine the variability associated the TBW version of the Widmark equation. Using previously published studies of 185 individuals in which alcohol elimination rate (β) and ethanol's volume of distribution were determined, we have shown that there is a negative correlation (?0.247) between the alcohol elimination rate (β) and TBW. Using these data, we were able to produce equations allowing the estimation of the variability of the results calculated using the TBW version of the Widmark equation. This will allow forensic practitioners to give the best determination of the variability associated with Widmark calculations currently possible.     

优化农村治安控制模式之方略

改革开放后的农村犯罪比重剧降和犯罪率仍远低于城市等不过是犯罪统计的技术性因素所造成的假象。实际上,农村实有人口犯罪率的增速和治安局势的严峻程度都甚于城市。究其原因,主要是社会转型期农村地区的治安群防措施处于基本无法组织或失效状态,其治安生态系统更为脆弱,更需用强化打击违法犯罪之力度的方式来维护平衡。但有关方面却未能及时调整思路,没有把打击违法犯罪放在更为重要的位置。因此,要优化农村治安控制模式,制止农村治安不断恶化的趋势,就必须在大力促进政策预防和提升家庭、个人预防的质量和水平的同时,增加打击犯罪、查处违法的警力,实施“均衡打击”策略。     

关于完善我国社会保障制度的几点思考

本文分析了我国社会保障制度实施过程中取得的主要成绩及出台的有关政策,指出了目前我国社会保障制度中存在的三个主要问题,进而提出了解决问题的相关政策和建议。     

GATT第15条:汇率义务衡量需提防的陷阱——基于人民币汇率义务问题的探讨

国内外论著在涉及人民币汇率义务的衡量时,普遍指向了GATT第15条,认为应当以此来确定IMF与WTO在人民币汇率义务问题上的管辖归属和衡量依据.然而,GATT第15条仅规定了IMF与WTO在经常账户下的货币兑换和国际支付方面的关系,并没有规定二者在汇率安排问题上的关系,汇率安排属于IMF辖域.西方的指责属于汇率安排问题,人民币汇率义务应由IMF依IMF协定第4条进行监督,而不应由WTO争端解决机制解决.     

Survival Rates in Bankruptcy Systems: Overlooking the Evidence

Extensive research on bankruptcy still has not made it possible to end the efficiency discussion concerning the need for a reorganization provision in bankruptcy laws. In this paper, I discuss the pervasiveness of asset sales in bankruptcy procedures and the effect it has on survival rates. Without these figures on going concern asset sales Western countries show astonishingly low firm survival rates. In addition, it becomes clear that the bankruptcy system in the US may be under-researched to such an extent that it seriously confounds our view of bankruptcy resolution.     

猪和兔附红细胞体的体外培养

用RPMI1640和小牛血清按不同比例混合作为体外培养猪和兔附红细胞体的基础培养基,同时以去掉红细胞上自然感染的附红细胞体后的红细胞泥作为培养附红细胞体的寄生载体,进行猪和兔附红细胞体的体外培养。培养结果表明,以 RPMI1640 与小牛血清按 6∶4 比例混合,同时选用兔红细胞泥作为载体的培养效果最佳,接种感染了附红细胞体的猪、兔阳性红细胞后 24 h生长达到高峰,感染率分别为40.2%和31.0%,而采用猪红细胞泥作为培养载体时红细胞感染率无明显升高。     

论近距数码照相放大率的选择

数码近距照相,摄影者需要选择合适的影像放大率,以清晰记录被拍体的细节特征。影像放大率与数码照相机中CCD的分辨率有重要关系,特征大小、影像放大率、CCD分辨率三者的乘积等于1,满足这一关系式的CCD的分辨率就是能分辨景物细节特征的分辨率,拍摄时应据此选择影像放大率。     

欧洲中央银行与美联储利率政策实践及效果评价与分析

自1999年以来,欧洲中央银行和美联储频繁运用利率政策杠杆调控经济,他们的利率政策实践大体上经历了两个阶段:一是1999-2000年的逐步加息阶段。二是2001年以来的减息阶段,欧洲中央银行和美联储的货币政策目标不同,决策所面临的经济环境背景也不同。因此,尽管他们的利率政策走向大体上一致,但利率政策操作中体现的特点却不同,政策效果也不同。