‘Vulnerable by law (but not by nature)’: examining perceptions of youth and childhood ‘vulnerability’ in the context of police custody

This paper, drawing upon qualitative data produced through interviews with custody officers (COs) at two custody suites in England, examines how the vulnerability of children and young people is conceptualised generally, within the criminal process, and then, more specifically, in police custody. It uses the appropriate adult (AA) safeguard under Code C to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 as the point of reference and explores, firstly, how childhood is conceptualised and, secondly, how childhood vulnerability is understood by COs. The responses of COs are perhaps indicative of a wider issue within the criminal process – the construction of youth and childhood and, accordingly, the criminal law response to children and young people. Within this paper, whilst it is accepted that childhood and vulnerability are non-static concepts, it is nevertheless contended that children and young people are vulnerable, particularly when facing the criminal process.     

Transitional narratives of identity among ethnic minority youth gangs in Denmark: from collectivism to individualism

Current literature often depicts the street cultures of ethnic minority youth as forms of collective cultural resistance to experiences of marginalization from mainstream society. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative interviews in 2014 with 23 young men attached to a rehabilitation centre for criminal offenders in Denmark, this article focuses on ethnic minority youth who desist from such street culture and their former gang life, criminality and drug use and how they describe this shift within their narratives. More specifically, we show how this shift can to some extent be characterized by a move from collective to more individualistic self-narratives re-articulating broader individualistic discourses existing in contemporary society. Among these more individualistic self-narratives, we find extensive reference to ideas of self-responsibility and also individual pragmatic interpretations of Islam. Such re-articulations can be seen as a way to create feelings of agency in severely disempowering circumstances.     

Mental health,substance use,and offending patterns among Native American youth in juvenile detention

Research has shown that youthful offenders in the juvenile justice system report an array of substance use and emotional and other mental health needs. The current study closely examined these issues in a large national sample (n = 539) of Native American youth drawn from the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement. Results demonstrated that frequent substance use was associated with the likelihood of being detained for a drug offense, while emotional and mental health needs were associated with detention for the most serious offenses. These results highlight the need for comprehensive substance use and other mental health assessments for Native American youth in the juvenile justice system.     

20世纪60年代美国政府应对青年反战思潮的方式及其启示

20世纪60年代,美国政府对青年反战思潮的不同应对方式产生了不同的结果:谎言和暴行使青年反战思潮激化,而法治传统所蕴涵的宽容精神则使青年和社会的矛盾趋于缓和.它启示我们,宽容是实现社会和谐稳定的介质.     

STATE CHILD EMOTIONAL ABUSE LAWS: THEIR FAILURE TO PROTECT CHILDREN WITH GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER

Emotional abuse of children with Gender Identity Disorder by parents is very difficult to identify and prevent. State investigators of abuse and neglect often have a hard time determining if the reasons for mental illness and psychological harm in children are due to the actions of their parents, or if they stem from other sources. Once identified, it becomes even harder to prove in court for purposes of ordering services or removing the child from the home if the abuse is severe enough. With children who are gender non‐conforming, this task becomes exponentially more difficult due to the low prevalence rate, discrimination, stereotypes, and a parent's right to bring up their child as they choose. These youth face discrimination and violence in school, work, their communities, and also within their own families. Emotional abuse statutes are too vague to protect youth who are gender non‐conforming. The vague and unclear laws lead to inconsistency in the application of the law and lack of protection of the children because judges and investigators are not aware of how parent's actions harms youth with gender identity disorder. Therefore, states should adopt the model statute within this Note which defines specific actions by parents which would not qualify as abuse when involving gender conforming youth but qualifies as abuse for children with gender identity disorder. Many states already have statutes which define physical abuse, sexual abuse and abandonment by specific actions by parents towards their children. This proposal will enable both the state and the judges to properly identify victims with gender identity disorder of emotional abuse and provide for their protection.     

Accounting for Future Generations: Intergenerational Equity in Australia1

Australian governments have published three intergenerational reports since 2002. In line with a general international trend these reports pointed to a problem said to arise from an ageing population which exposes Australia to the risk of a future major fiscal crisis. In this article we argue that by failing to use a generational accounting framework, the reports privilege the elderly at the expense of young people. Added to this, they fail to engage any discussion of intergenerational equity defined as distributive fairness and justice. In this article we explore the value of various approaches to intergenerational justice, focusing on the Principle of Intergenerational Neutrality derived from Rawls' theory of justice. We argue that this does not work as well from a policy point of view as Sen's freedom‐as‐capabilities approach. We conclude that linking Sen's approach to justice to a generational accounting will enable governments to address future issues of equity.     

基于社会稳定背景下的青年就业问题研究

充分就业是实现社会和谐的重要保证。青年作为一个充满活力的群体,其就业程度事关经济社会发展和社会和谐稳定。影响青年就业的原因很多,既有社会经济环境、城乡差距等客观原因,也有青年自身技能欠缺、就业观念陈旧等主观原因。为此,需要政府、社会、家庭以及青年个体等多方共同努力,采取多种行之有效措施,以解决好青年就业问题。     

书法对青少年心理健康发展的影响

现代化不仅挑战着以书法为代表的中国传统文化,也在一定程度上了造成了青少年的心理问题。书法具有德、智、美的全面教育功能,通过书法教育,可以有效地提升青少年心理健康,锻炼集中注意的能力,培养良好的情绪情感和气质,塑造健康完善的人格。     

当代青年的择偶标准及其性别差异——对1255则征婚广告的内容分析

通过对《现代家庭》杂志2000年1月至2010年10月所刊载的1255则征婚广告进行内容分析,并与1990年的统计结果对比发现：性格与品德已成为青年择偶时最为关注的因素;健康、对感情的重视程度、户口、住房等因素发挥着越来越重要的作用,被关注的程度上升;年龄因素仍很重要,排名第二,但已有淡化之势;身高、婚史状况、受教育程度、职业、事业心等因素的关注度呈现下降趋势,尤其事业心作为隐性潜能并未被征婚者所重视;兴趣爱好因素至少在通过征婚广告择偶的人群中被忽略;性别是影响择偶标准的一个敏感因素;在许多择偶标准上,男女存在显著差异。