Comprehensive analyses for genetic diversities of 19 autosomal STRs in Chinese Kazak group and its phylogenetic relationships with other continental populations

Short tandem repeats (STRs) play an essential role in forensic genetics due to their high degree of polymorphisms, wide distributions and easy detection method. In this study, allelic frequencies and forensic statistical parameters of the 19 autosomal STR loci in a Kazak ethnic group were calculated, and its genetic relationships with reference populations were assessed in order to understand population structure better and enrich population genetic data for forensic practice in Chinese Kazak ethnic group. There were 226 identified alleles with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0008 to 0.5295 in the 628 unrelated healthy Kazak individuals in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. All autosomal STRs were conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni’s correction. The cumulative power of discrimination and the combined probability of exclusion of all the 19 autosomal STRs were 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 162 and 0.999 999 994 484, respectively. Furthermore, the D_A distances and Fixation index values of pairwise populations, principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, phylogenetic tree analysis and structure analysis were conducted to probe the genetic relationships between the Kazak group and other reference populations. The population genetic results showed that these 19 autosomal STR loci were characterised by high genetic diversities in the Kazak group. Furthermore, the studied Kazak group had close genetic relationships with the Uyghur group and the Uzbek group. The present results may facilitate understanding the genetic background of the Chinese Xinjiang Kazak group.     

Governing concept or political buzzword? Contested perceptions of local control

This article uses a perceptions-based framework to study how local governing actors define local control, and, to identify the determinants of definition alignment among local officials. A mix of survey and administrative data from Wisconsin officials is used to test nine hypotheses. The results indicate there is wide variation in how local government leaders define local control, and that alignment on the concept's meaning is predicted by ideology, perceived erosion of local control, and positional characteristics. The study concludes that local governments should incorporate a working definition of local control in planning and on-boarding processes in order to provide governing relevance to the concept.     

试论劳动者权益保障及其意义

劳动者不仅是财富的创造者,也是社会发展的主要推动者,我国深化改革涉及内容广泛,其重点之一应当是提高劳动者群体的社会地位,使其诉求能够得以畅通,权益能够得以保障,在充分调动他们积极性、主动性,创造性的同时,使他们真正成为分享经济社会发展成果的主体,以此作为解放生产力、发展生产力和实现共同富裕的着力点.     

陪审团评议简论:一个群体动力学的分析

陪审团评议过程是组成陪审团这个特殊群体的陪审员们通过讨论相互影响 ,最终作出裁决的互动过程。本文运用群体动力学一般理论将陪审团视为一个功能性团体来研究其评议过程 ,从新的视角对陪审团审判制度作了深一步地研究。作者认为研究实践性很强的法律问题时 ,在注重理论研究的同时 ,应当适当采用新的方法 ,从新的研究角度入手 ,以实证材料来支持理论研究。