Why do some Arab citizens see democracy as unsuitable for their country?

Why do some Arab citizens regard democracy favourably but see it as unsuitable for their country? Modernization theory contends that economic development creates modern citizens who demand democracy. Cultural theories see Islam and democracy as incompatible. Government performance theories argue that citizens who perceive the current authoritarian government as acting in a transparent manner will demand greater democracy. I argue that attitudes toward democracy are shaped by beliefs about its political, economic, and religious consequences, including those related to sectarianism. I test this consequence-based theory using Arab Barometer data from six nations. Sixty percent hold favourable views of democracy generally and for their country, while 7% reject democracy. Twenty-seven percent support democracy generally but see it as unsuitable for their country. Beliefs that democracy will have negative consequences and perceptions of poor government performance are the most important predictors of democracy's unsuitability. Modernization theory receives support, but Islamic identity and beliefs do not consistently predict attitudes in the expected direction. These findings offer a more nuanced understanding of Arab public opinion and suggest that concerns about the consequences of free elections affect support for democracy as much as assessments of the political and economic performance of the current authoritarian regime.     

社会保障制度是经济社会协调发展的法治基础

社会保障制度具有减少社会贫困、缩小收入差距、促进经济发展、维护社会稳定、保障居者有其屋、保证劳动者普遍具有较高知识和技能的功能。一个社会在发展经济的同时制定和实施社会保障制度,经济的发展不仅不会因为社会保障资金的有序投入受到影响,而且会保持平稳持续发展,整个社会也会呈协调和谐状态。国际和我国的实践证明,建立和完善社会保障制度是保证经济社会协调发展的法治基础。     

解放的政治与世界安全 ——肯?布斯的批判安全研究探析

冷战后,国际安全研究呈现出深化和拓展的发展趋势。批判安全研究从批判理论发展而来并且迎合了深化安全和拓展安全的发展潮流。批判理论不仅与安全议题联系在一起,而且成为后者重要的思想渊源。此外,批判理论和国际关系激进理论共同促使安全研究者对安全对象和安全领域进行探讨。肯·布斯正是批判安全研究的代表人物,他的批判安全经历了由人的安全到世界安全的发展历程。具体表现为,他探讨了解放与安全的关系,批判了现实主义国家中心论,质疑了安全概念;在此基础上,以人的安全来重新概念化安全,并且提出建立人类共同体来达到世界安全。其中,他对安全的深化和拓展是以剖析安全背后的深层结构为基础的,这在批判安全研究的阵营中颇为独树一帜。他提出用解放的政治来建立人类共同体,一方面迎合了深化安全和拓展安全的发展潮流,另一方面又标志着由人的安全发展到世界安全在实践层面的进步。所以,他的批判安全研究经历了人的安全到世界安全两个阶段的发展;他的思想既具有理论意义,又有实践层面的发展。     

世界政治极端化态势下区域公共产品的供给困境及中国对策

在大国战略竞争加剧、地缘政治回归以及全球民粹主义回潮等因素的叠加影响下,世界政治呈现极端化态势。这一新态势对国际社会产生了多重负面效应,对区域公共产品供给主体、议题与结构的影响值得特别关注。区域公共产品缘起于超越国际公共产品被霸权国“私物化”的尝试,着眼于对接一定区域内国家的发展或安全需求,致力于通过消费主体与供给主体高度匹配实现最优供给。在世界政治极端化态势下,区域公共产品供给面临严峻困境：一是再次“私物化”,供给主体因恶性竞争构建排他性“小圈子”;二是逐渐“安全化”,供给议题由低政治领域急剧转向高政治领域;三是最终“不优化”,供给结构重叠错位导致供需不匹配。作为负责任大国,中国可围绕新态势下区域公共产品供给的公益性、发展性以及精准性贡献中国智慧、中国方案和中国力量。     

管控权力转移:面向21世纪的大国协调机制

国际体系中的权力更迭,尤其是权力转移,常常与(军事)冲突相伴。权力转移理论对此现象做出了分析,却没有提出解决之道。因此可以在大国协调的基础上,建立一套全新的非正式多边安全治理机制,以缓和目前全球权力更迭出现的紧张局势。19世纪的欧洲协调机制,以共同的规范和程序为基础,通过建立合作框架,在一代人的时间里,避免了大国之间的战争。文章以现代大国协调机制为框架,探索管控未来权力更迭的可行性,并借此为权力转移理论补充了两点新内容:衰落霸权国对未来秩序的(不)满意情绪的重要性;以更广泛的大国多边合作框架,取代权力转移理论传统的双边\"决斗\"情势。唯有在此基础上,才能实现机制化的权力转移管控。     

暴力和骚扰的劳动法规制——国际劳工标准的影响与借鉴

对职场中的暴力和骚扰进行规制,应当明确界定此类行为的表现形式、受保护者范围和受保护的空间范围.国际劳工组织采用了“劳动世界”这一术语对“与工作相关”的暴力和骚扰进行范围界定.在标准劳动关系中的劳动者之外,国际劳工标准将非正规就业形式下的劳动者和特定情形下没有建立就业关系的劳动者均纳入保护范围.与此同时,国际劳工标准将受...     

The Consequences of Victim Physical Attractiveness on Reactions to Injustice: The Role of Observers’ Belief in a Just World

Two studies explored Dion and Dion’s (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 775–780, 1987) suggestion that the belief in a just world may contribute to the “beauty is good” stereotype. In Study 1, we found that participants rated the death of a woman as more tragic and unfair when she was physically attractive than less attractive. Participants were also more punitive towards agents of harm when the victim was physically attractive. In Study 2, we varied the extent to which a woman suffered from a house fire and asked participants to later recognize the woman’s picture among several choices varying in physical attractiveness. Participants who learned that the woman suffered a great deal remembered her to be less physically attractive than when her suffering was minimal. The results are discussed in terms of how the justice motive contributes to the evaluative and moral importance attached to physical attractiveness.