A New Approach to the Investigation of Sexual Offenses—Cytoskeleton Analysis Reveals the Origin of Cells Found on Forensic Swabs*

Abstract: There are forensic inquiries in which an identification of epithelial cell types would provide important probative evidence. In cancer diagnosis, this information is yielded by histological examination of cytokeratin (Ck). Therefore, we tested 19 antibodies against different Cks (Ck1, Ck2e, Ck4, Ck5‐6, Ck7, Ck8, Ck9, CK10, Ck13, Ck14, Ck15, Ck16, Ck17, Ck18, Ck19, Ck20, Ck903, PanCkAE1_3, and CAM5‐2) on histological sections of epidermis, buccal mucosa, vaginal mucosa, penis, urogenital tract, and rectum and could identify two antigens unique to buccal‐cell and vaginal‐cell (Ck4) and skin epithelial‐cell (Ck10) cytokeratin. Subsequently, we developed an immunocytological technique for distinguishing swabbed skin and mucosal cells up to at least 1 year after sampling. By the detection of the Ck4 and Ck10 mRNAs in biopsy and laser capture microdissection collected samples via quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we were able to confirm our immunological findings. Hence, this study offers techniques to discriminate between skin and mucosal cells (buccal and vaginal) in forensic casework.     

The Influence of Selected Fingerprint Enhancement Techniques on Forensic DNA Typing of Epithelial Cells Deposited on Porous Surfaces

Fingerprints deposited at crime scene can be a source of DNA. Previous reports on the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods have focused mainly on fingermarks deposited in blood or saliva. Here, we evaluate the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods on fingerprints deposited on porous surfaces. We performed real‐time quantification and STR typing, the results of which indicated that two methods (iodine fuming and 1,2‐indanedione in ethyl acetate enhancement) had no effect on the quantity of DNA isolated and resultant STR alleles when compared to control samples. DNA quantities and allele numbers were lower for samples enhanced with silver nitrate and 1,2‐indanedione in acetic acid when compared to control samples. Based on DNA quantity, quality, and observable stochastic effects, our data indicated that iodine fuming and 1,2‐indanedione in ethyl acetate were the preferred options for the enhancement of fingerprints on porous surfaces.     

禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒gp90基因在杆状病毒中的表达及其产物的活性分析

以质粒pMD18T-env为模板,利用PCR技术扩增禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒的gp90基因,酶切、纯化后,克隆至载体pFastBacHTA中,构建了重组供体载体pFgp90,并将其转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,使gp90基因整合到Bacmid穿梭载体中,获得重组穿梭载体Bacmidgp90.通过脂质体介导将其转染sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBacgp90.抗gp90蛋白小鼠超免疫血清介导的Western-blot分析和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)结果显示,gp90蛋白被正确表达,分子质量约为45 ku;gp90蛋白在变性和自然状态下均能够被识别,具有良好的生物活性.     

加减薯蓣丸对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠海马区TREM2及Iba1蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨加减薯蓣丸对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimers disease,AD)模型大鼠海马区髓细胞触发受体2(triggering receptor expressed on moyeloid cells 2,TREM2)、Iba1蛋白表达水平及对Iba1+细胞数量的影响。方法 采用SD大鼠双侧侧脑室注射β淀粉样蛋白1-42建立AD模型,将模型复制成功的大鼠分为模型组、中药组,并设正常组进行对照,每组10只。正常组、模型组大鼠每日给予10 mL/kg生理盐水灌胃,中药组大鼠每日给予加减薯蓣丸10 g/kg灌胃,连续灌胃4周后,应用Western blot法检测海马区TREM2和Iba1蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光染色标记Iba1+细胞数量。结果 与正常组比较,模型组TREM2蛋白表达水平显著增加（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,中药组TREM2蛋白表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,Iba1蛋白表达水平显著增加（P＜0.05）,中药组海马区Iba1+细胞数量明显增加（P＜0.05）。结论 加减薯蓣丸可能通过影响海马区TREM2及Iba1蛋白水平的表达,增加Iba1+细胞数量,发挥对AD的治疗作用。     

Reporting likelihood ratio for casework in firearm evidence identification

Likelihood ratio (LR) plays an important role in estimating the weight of evidence in firearm evidence identifications. LR is computed from a statistical model including the distribution of the known-matching (KM or within) and known-nonmatching (KNM or between) comparison scores. Current LR procedures rely on KM/KNM scores from existing reference firearm toolmark data sets or alternatively from generating a set of test fires using multiple firearms. Both procedures may contain theoretical or practical issues which may hinder the LR procedures from reporting an unbiased LR estimation in casework. In this paper, a reference data set was established from a set of firearms, each test-fired two cartridge cases, resulting in a basic data set and a control data set. The congruent matching cells (CMC) method was used to generate CMC scores that are used to fit in the KM/KNM statistical distributions for LR estimation. In the initial test, 130 firearms from eight manufacturers were used for generating a reference data set consisting of 260 cartridge cases representing 130 KM and 8385 KNM pairwise breech face images. Test results showed that the KM and KNM distribution intersect at CMC = 2, which is equivalent to LR = 1 (equally to support both the prosecutor and the defense propositions). When the CMC threshold is increased to 6 or more, the LR values are higher than a million, which can provide extremely strong support to the conclusion of the same firearm (or the prosecutor's proposition) in the casework of firearm evidence identification.     

大鼠骨骼肌损伤后PMN、MNC及FBC百分率与损伤时间关系

目的：研究大鼠骨骼肌机械性损伤后不同时间点多形核白细胞（polymorphonuclear leucocytes , PMN）、单个核细胞（mononuclear cells,MNC）及成纤维样细胞（fibroblastic cells,FBC）百分率的变化。方法建立大鼠骨骼肌机械性损伤动物模型,随机分为伤后6h、12h、1d、3d、7d、10d、14d及正常对照组。应用HE染色法和图像分析检测大鼠骨骼肌损伤后不同时间点PMN、MNC及FBC百分率。结果伤后6~12 h,损伤区内可见PMN和MNC浸润,PMN百分率达到峰值;伤后1 d,损伤区内主要以MNC浸润为主,MNC百分率达到峰值,而PMN百分率开始下降;伤后3~7 d,FBC百分率开始逐渐增加,PMN和MNC百分率则逐渐下降;伤后10~14 d,FBC百分率达到峰值。结论大鼠骨骼肌损伤区内PMN、MNC及FBC百分率呈时间规律性变化,有望成为骨骼肌损伤时间推断的参考指标。     

Interactions between 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, ketamine, and caffeine in human intestinal Caco-2 cells and in oral administration to rats

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) are often abused orally in the form of tablets for recreational purposes. The ATS tablets contain one or more active ingredients such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine (MA), ketamine (KA), and caffeine (CF). The aim of this work is to determine whether such components in tablets interact with each other in intestinal absorption. The interactions between MDMA, MA, KA, and CF in the uptake and permeation by human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line were investigated in monolayer cultures. MDMA, MA, and KA mutually inhibited the uptakes by Caco-2 cells. The inhibition of MA uptake by KA was the greatest of all combinations (72.6% inhibition). Similarly, MDMA, MA, and KA mutually inhibited the permeation from the apical to the basolateral side through Caco-2 cells. Although CF did not affect the uptakes of MDMA, MA, and KA, CF enhanced the permeation of MDMA in comparison to MDMA alone. In addition, the interaction of MA with KA and that of MDMA with CF in intestinal absorption were investigated by oral administration to rats. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve of MA significantly decreased by co-administration with KA in comparison to MA alone, while that of MDMA significantly increased by co-administration with CF in comparison to MDMA alone. The results in rats were similar to those in Caco-2 cells. These findings suggest that the intestinal absorption of similar compounds with amine moieties such as MDMA, MA, and KA are mediated by a common transport system, and that CF affects the absorption of MDMA in a different way from the transport system. In human, intakes of ATS tablets mixed with such components might result in similar interactions in intestinal absorption to those in Caco-2 cells and rats.     

两组引物对无毛囊毛根的PCR-STR分型

目的了解无毛囊毛根的短扩增子引物和通用引物PCR-STR分型在法医实践中应用的可行性。方法应用5对Bulter设计的短扩增子引物D8S1179、D21S11、THO1、D16S539和VWA与其对应的STR通用引物,利用非变性PAGE,对无毛囊毛根进行PCR-STR分型的对比研究。结果短扩增子引物与通用引物对无毛囊毛根分型的正确率:D8S1179为11.4%和17.1%、D21S11为3.7%和5.9%、vWA为22.2%和33.3%、THO1为9.3%和5.6%、D16S539为0和9.2%。毛根的短扩增子引物和通用引物部分STR分型出现了干扰结果的Ladder-like背景条带。结论在对无毛囊毛根检材进行通用引物和短扩增子引物PCR-STR分型时,五个STR位点分型检测的成功率有限,还需注意Ladder-like条带的干扰。     

视神经损伤与再生的研究进展及其法医学意义

视神经损伤后,以视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)及其轴索的溃变死亡为主的病理变化导致了视功能障碍,随着一定数量存活的RGCs及其轴突在合适环境下的修复再生,视功能可有一定的恢复。综述相关研究文献,旨在了解视神经损伤及修复再生可能存在的规律,以及研究这种规律对客观评价视功能和损伤或死亡时间推断的法医学意义。     

猪卵丘细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞的分离培养及传代

对猪卵丘细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞的分离、培养和传代进行了系统研究。结果显示,猪的卵丘细胞生长形成单层需要5~6 d;运用组织块法和酶消化法获得胎儿成纤维细胞单层的生长时间分别为10~11 d和8~9 d。猪的卵丘细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞均可以建立并获得稳定的细胞系,这些方法的应用可为猪体细胞核移植研究提供丰富的供体细胞。