民法视角下的不同性别选择阶段的法益分析

性别选择得以产生不是因为生物性别的先天差异,而是缘于社会制度对性别的不平等对待.人的性别专属于自然人,属身体权保护的客体.针对不同的性别选择阶段,分别从选择主体的资格认定、风险责任的承担,生育知情与性别知情的辨别及选择目的的规范等方面进行分析,法律应通过立法技术的完善和法律位阶的提高把对性别选择的立法宗旨限定在为人类疾病控制和生命健康的维护范围内,以实现人与自然、人类自然性别的和谐发展.     

A standard procedure for accommodating forensic anthropological and genetic analysis of decomposing human remains from tropical climates

At the Medical Legal Center in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (CEMEL/FMRP-USP), unidentified decomposing bodies routinely undergo soft tissue removal (by immersion in water at 80–90 °C for 24 h) prior to an anthropological analysis intended to yield a biological profile of age, sex, ancestry, height, pathology and so on. In the event that this analysis is unsuccessful, samples may be submitted for DNA profiling. The tropical climate and the defleshing process may confound preservation, recovery and analysis of DNA, however. In order to establish an optimal standardized protocol for identification of decomposing human remains from a tropical climatic region, the outcome of anthropological and genetic analyses was compared, along with the utility of bone (mainly femur and sternum) and teeth (mainly molar) specimens for DNA analysis. In a sample (n = 39) of partially skeletonized remains, anthropological analysis was sufficient for identification in eight cases. In further six cases, DNA profiling was successfully attempted. As a consequence of our study, we recommend collection of 1–2 well preserved teeth prior to defleshing and anthropological analysis in these circumstances.     

文化自觉的现代社会发展意义

文化自觉是人类理性在求取自身生存发展和自由过程中的最高体现,它主要涉及人的解放的目的、意义、价值等关于“人自身”的问题。在社会发展的文化过程中,具体表现为人的求真精神、求善精神和求美精神,使人牢记人永远是目的而不是手段,人的目的在于人自身,关心人、热爱人,关注全人类的发展和进步,从而使人成为一种具有崇高境界的真正全面自由发展的主体。     

论当代大学生科学人权观念的培育

公民人权观念的培育是建设社会主义政治文明的基础,对大学生人权观念的培育则是公民人权观念培育的先导。现阶段加强大学生科学人权观念的培育具有特殊的必要性和紧迫性。应用中国特色社会主义人权观教育学生,在人权特性、内容、享有主体以及与主权的关系上坚持普遍性与特殊性的统一、经济社会文化权利与政治权利的统一、个人人权与集体人权的统一、人权与主权的统一。目前,可以通过相关教材内容改革、师资队伍建设和课堂教学改革等途径,加强当代大学生科学人权观念的培育。     

Decomposing Human Blood: Canine Detection Odor Signature and Volatile Organic Compounds

The admissibility of human “odor mortis” discrimination in courts depends on the lack of comprehension of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the human decay process and of the lack in standardized procedures in training cadaver dogs. Blood was collected from four young people who died from traffic accidents and analyzed using HS‐SPME/GC‐MS at different decompositional stages. Two dogs, professionally trained, were tested to exactly locate blood samples, for each time point of the experiment. We found a long list of VOCs which varied from fresh to decomposed blood samples, showing differences in specific compounds. Dog performance showed a positive predictive value between 98.96% and 100% for DOG A, and between 99.47% and 100% for DOG B. Our findings demonstrated that decomposing human blood is a good source of VOCs and a good target for canine training.     

Next generation sequencing technology in Second World War victim identification

The killings during the Second World War (WWII), with nearly 100,000 victims, is one of the greatest losses of life in Slovenia’s modern history and most of the victims are still buried in hidden mass graves and remain unidentified. Identity, ancestry, and phenotypic SNPs, as well as STR markers are already used for solving various cases with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. In this study, the Precision ID GlobalFiler NGS STR panel was used to identify the WWII victim that could not be identified with capillary electrophoresis (CE) analyses because limited statistical support was obtained after amplification of autosomal STRs using CE STR kits. Bones and teeth were analysed and compared to family references (nephew and niece on paternal line). Prior to DNA isolation 0.5 g of powder was decalcified. The DNA was purified in a Biorobot EZ1 device. The nuclear DNA of the samples was quantified with the PowerQuant kit. Because the recommended posterior probability (PP) of 99.9% was followed with the goal of high confidence of correct identification, the NGS STR Panel was used, and after the analysis of additional STR loci the statistical calculation showed a PP of 99.99986%, showing that a large enough number of genetic markers were analysed when identifying the skeletal remains of the aunt. PP value endorsed the hypothesis that the tooth and bone samples were from individual related to the family references rather than from unrelated individual. In presented case, NGS technology proved to be a powerful tool for increasing the number of autosomal STRs needed for identification of WWII victims when linear markers cannot be used for comparison and only distant relatives are available for analyses.     

Simultaneous Determination of 13 Anticoagulant Rodenticidesin Human Blood by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its Application in Three Poisoning Cases

Anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for rodent control around the world. A rapid and sensitive method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 13 anticoagulant rodenticides (coumafuryl, pindone, valone, warfarin, coumatetralyl, coumachlor, diphacinone, dicumarol, chlorophacinone, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, and brodifacoum) in human blood by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. After liquid–liquid extraction, the anticoagulant rodenticides were separated on an Eclipse Plus C18 column. Linearities were observed for each analyte in blood ranging from 0.5 to 50 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients over 0.99. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 ng/mL, and the limits of quantification were 0.5 ng/mL for all analytes. The intraday and interday precisions were <15%, and accuracies ranged from 80.3% to 111.0%. This validated method with high sensitivity has been applied in three anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning cases and has been used successfully in monitoring blood concentrations for months.     

Illicit Drug Delivery Via Administration of Human Blood

The physiological, psychological, and social consequences associated with illicit drug use are well documented. In addition to the effects directly related to the drug(s), the delivery mechanism can precipitate other serious health conditions. A case is reported where an individual stopped by law enforcement was discovered to be in possession of a vial containing a red‐colored fluid, which the person stated was blood and contained fentanyl. Analysis by headspace GC, ELISA, and LC‐TOF/MS screening in with mass spectral confirmation revealed the presence of several substances, including ethanol, methamphetamine, amphetamine, MDA, 6‐monoacetylmorphine, codeine, morphine, alprazolam, delta‐9 THC, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and norpseudoephedrine; serology testing verified the fluid was consistent with human blood. Methamphetamine was present at a dosage form amount (11 mg). The purpose of this study was to detail the analytical findings, interpret their meaning, and discuss the public health concerns associated with the drug delivery by the administration of human blood.     

Validation of Reduced Reagent Volumes in the Implementation of the Quantifiler® Trio Quantification Kit

The Quantifiler^® Trio Quantification Kit has been developed to quantify the total amount of amplifiable and human male DNA in samples and to estimate the extent of DNA degradation. To minimize the cost of DNA quantification, we evaluated kit performance using a reduced volume of reagents (1/10‐volume) using DNA samples of varying types and concentrations. Our results demonstrated concordance between the manufacturer's method and the low‐volume method for DNA quantification, DNA degradation index estimation, and human male DNA quantification. We confirmed the practical utility of the low‐volume method with 109 casework samples by evaluating short tandem repeat (STR) profiling success with respect to DNA quantity and quality. We also defined a cutoff value for DNA quantity to ensure reliable STR results. Using a reduced volume of reagents, 10 times more reactions per kit are possible; accordingly, this method reduces the cost of DNA quantification, while maintaining performance.     

CHINESE NATURAL LAW TRADITION AND ITS MODERN APPLICATION: A RESPONSE TO HON . ROLLIN A. VAN BROEKHOVEN

This article is a response to Morality And Law In A Global Society: A Place For Natural Law Theory? The first part is a summary and comments on Honorable Rollin A. Van Broekhoven’s survey of the natural law tradition and its relevance to the analysis of the controversial U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Then it addresses Mencius and the Chinese natural law tradition based on the researches of Hu Shih and John C. H. Wu, and the affinity of the natural theories of Mencius and Thomas Aquinas are explored. The third part analyses the sensational case of Yu Huan (2017) from the point of view of natural law and takes it as an example of the relevance of natural law to the theory and practice of contemporary Chinese law.