An analysis of the fundamental tensions between copyright and social media: the legal implications of sharing images on Instagram

ABSTRACT

Copyright is inherently intertwined with the development of technology and none more so than the advent of the Internet and sharing technologies. More recently, social media platforms have become the latest challenge for copyright law and policy. This article builds on the literature that recognises the underlying conflict between copyright and social networking sites (SNSs); namely that the basic implication of copyright is the restriction of copying, whereas the ethos of social networking is the promotion of sharing. In particular, this article focuses on the disparity between the restricted acts of copying and communication to the public under copyright law and the encouragement of sharing on SNS Instagram. In doing so, it contextualises the debate surrounding copyright and social media and provides an understanding of the legal implications of using Instagram. As such this paper analyses (1) the infringement of copyright protected work on Instagram, and (2) the user-agreement and licensing of copyright material on Instagram. This study concludes that the disparity between the principles of copyright and social media lead to confusion and vulnerability of users. Therefore, it is suggested that Instagram should better inform its users of the implications of sharing third-party content as well as the terms of its user agreement. This could be done by implementing a copyright strategy, which includes a notice and takedown system as well as investing in producing educational content for users. Perhaps SNSs, such as Instagram might be more motivated to take steps to recognise intellectual property rights if they were considered Internet Services Provides such as YouTube.     

Citizen aid,social media and brokerage after disaster

Abstract

In a crisis, aid providers deliver humanitarian relief across a hierarchy of organisations where influence and capacity map to their scale of operations. On the front lines of crises, ‘citizen aid’ is what small, local and informal groups offer to fellow citizens. These citizen aid groups are well-networked in place and tend to work through longstanding personal relationships. In the Philippines, citizen aid groups frequently support their activities by documenting their work with photos of beneficiaries to solicit donations from within the country and around the world across social media platforms. This paper builds on recent debates on brokerage through a case study of citizen aid in the relief effort after Typhoon Haiyan (2013–2017). Using this case-study approach, we demonstrate how social media has produced novel forms of brokerage shaped by circulating images online. This new kind of brokerage involves a layered network of brokers that both shapes citizen aid efforts and creates new channels for localising aid, enhancing the control of citizen groups in the Global South over aid.     

统筹各类编制资源的改革方向和政策建议

统筹使用各类编制资源,是新时代机构和行政体制改革的重要方向。本文首先分析了编制分类的内容构成、不同类型编制的管理权限、编制总量控制的政策约束,进而对编制分类管理的效应及带来的问题进行了综合性分析。接着,追踪梳理当前地方统筹使用各类编制的最新探索和创新。在此基础上,从跨类别、跨部门、跨地域、跨层级四个维度,提出编制统筹管理改革的思路和政策建议。     

WTO背景下的政府政策体制分析

加入WTO将对我国政府的政策体制带来深刻的影响。目前政府政策体制存在着突出问题,我国政府应遵循政策体制改革与创新的原则,构建适应WTO要求的政策体制。     

同种数罪处罚原则新说

数罪并罚问题无论是在刑法学理论上还是在司法实务中都是一个非常重要的问题 ,而同种数罪该不该实行并罚更是刑法学领域争论的焦点之一。目前 ,在司法实务中 ,大多是把其作为一罪从重处罚的。笔者认为 :同种数罪也是数罪 ,将其实行并罚制更有利于打击犯罪、体现罪刑相适应的原则 ,从立法技术的角度来看也更具科学性。     

侦查讯问制度与对抗制庭审制度之价值协同问题研究

侦查讯问具有结果价值和程序价值。这两种价值的不同追求决定着侦查讯问的诉讼结构,而且该结构一般与庭审方式保持了相同的理念运作。然而从我国1996年刑诉改革以来,对抗制特色庭审方式与强职权侦查讯问方式存在着不可调和的价值冲突,以至司法实践中两种制度难以对接运作,问题颇多。     

坚持和发展职代会制度的几点思考

职代会制度是推进企业实行民主管理和民主监督的基本制度。企业改制后,同样应该得到坚持和发展。工会应当适应形势,充实和调整职代会的职能,正确处理与股东大会、董事会、监事会的关系,切实发挥职代会的应有作用。     

美国与德国法官选任制度之比较

美国与德国分别为两大法系的典型代表国家。两国的司法制度均显著体现其各自的历史渊源和法律文化背景 ,同时又成功地服务于法治国家的运行 ,其中许多成熟的理论与实践经验值得我们探讨和借鉴。通过对两国司法制度中的一项关键性问题———法官选任制度做比较式探讨 ,展现两国在法官选任程序与选任资格方面严格科学的制度设置 ,可为我国当前法院体制改革提供有益借鉴     

完善我国税务行政审批制度初探

改革我国现行税务行政审批制度 ,应该遵循行政审批的基本法律规定和理论指导综合考虑历史、社会、法制等诸多方面的因素 ,从清理行政审批项目、设定规范审批、严格审批程序 ,实施分类管理等方面着手。     

股权分置改革的市场反应研究——以中小企业板为视角

本文以深市中小盘为样本,采用事件研究和回归分析相结合的方法,检验了股权分置改革的市场反应.研究发现,市场对股权分置改革各批次各事件期反应不一,随着时间的推移,市场越来越成熟了;流通股东在中小盘股改中获得了短期利益,非流通股东获得了流通权;流通股东参会率等变量对累计异常报酬率有显著的解释作用.这表明只有非流通股东具有诚意来设计对价方案,流通股东积极参与,才能达到共赢.